Using a Phenomenological Computer Model to Investigate Advanced Combustion Trajectories in a CIDI Engine

This paper summarizes results from simulations of conventional, high-dilution, and high-efficiency clean combustion in a diesel engine based on a two-zone phenomenological model. The two-zone combustion model is derived from a previously published multi-zone model, but it has been further simplified to increase computational speed by a factor of over 100. The results demonstrate that this simplified model is still able to track key aspects of the combustion trajectory responsible for NOx and soot production. In particular, the two-zone model in combination with highly simplified global kinetics correctly predicts the importance of including oxygen mass fraction (in addition to equivalence ratio and temperature) in lowering emissions from high-efficiency clean combustion. The methodology also provides a convenient framework for extracting information directly from in-cylinder pressure measurements. This feature is likely to be useful for on-board combustion diagnostics and controls. Because of the possibility for simulating large numbers of engine cycles in a short time, models of this type can provide insight into multi-cycle and transient combustion behavior not readily accessible to more computationally intensive models. Also the representation of the combustion trajectory in 3D space corresponding to equivalence ratio, flame temperature, and oxygen fraction provides new insight into optimal combustion management.

[1]  Scott B. Fiveland,et al.  Development of a Two-Zone HCCI Combustion Model Accounting for Boundary Layer Effects , 2001 .

[2]  Zongxuan Sun,et al.  Control-oriented mixing model for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition engines , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference.

[3]  F. V. Bracco,et al.  On the Scaling of Impulsively Started Incompressible Turbulent Round Jets , 1982 .

[4]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Analysis of combustion and pollutants formation in a direct injection diesel engine using a multi-zone model , 1995 .

[5]  R. Reitz,et al.  MODELING SPRAY ATOMIZATION WITH THE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ/RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR HYBRID MODEL , 1999 .

[6]  Dennis L. Siebers,et al.  Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays , 1998 .

[7]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Development and application of multi-zone model for combustion and pollutants formation in direct injection diesel engine running with vegetable oil or its bio-diesel , 2007 .

[8]  Feng Tao,et al.  Three-Dimensional Simulation of Diesel Spray Ignition and Flame Lift-Off Using OpenFOAM and KIVA-3V CFD Codes , 2008 .

[9]  K. Akihama,et al.  Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature , 2001 .

[10]  Z Gao,et al.  A theoretical investigation of two possible modifications to reduce pollutant emissions from a diesel engine , 2002 .

[11]  Masataka Arai,et al.  Development and Use of a Spray Combustion Modeling to Predict Diesel Engine Efficiency and Pollutant Emissions : Part 2 Computational Procedure and Parametric Study , 1983 .

[12]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Hybrid 2-Zone Diesel Combustion Model for NO Formation , 2009 .

[13]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Modeling the Effects of In-Cylinder Flows on HSDI Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions , 2008 .

[14]  N. P. Komninos,et al.  Investigating the importance of mass transfer on the formation of HCCI engine emissions using a multi-zone model , 2009 .

[15]  J. Dec.  A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging* , 1997 .

[16]  K. Deng,et al.  Particulate matter emission modelling based on soot and SOF from direct injection diesel engines , 2007 .

[17]  Carlo Beatrice,et al.  Numerical simulations of Diesel engine combustion by means of OpenFOAM CFD ToolBox , 2009 .

[18]  Z Gao,et al.  A phenomenologically based computer model to predict soot and NOx emission in a direct injection diesel engine , 2001 .

[19]  O. Kaario,et al.  A Computational Investigation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Sprays Using RANS and a Modified Version of the RNG k - ε Model in OpenFOAM , 2010 .

[20]  K. Raja Gopal,et al.  In-cylinder fluid flow, turbulence and spray models—A review , 2009 .

[21]  Paul C. Miles,et al.  The influence of swirl ratio on turbulent flow structure in a motored HSDI diesel engine : A combined experimental and numerical study , 2004 .

[22]  Gregory M. Shaver,et al.  Computationally Efficient Whole-Engine Model of a Cummins 2007 Turbocharged Diesel Engine , 2010 .

[23]  Scott Sluder,et al.  An Estimate of Diesel High-Efficiency Clean Combustion Impacts on FTP-75 Aftertreatment Requirements (SAE Paper Number 2006-01-3311) , 2006 .

[24]  R. Reitz,et al.  Modeling the Effects of Fuel Injection Characteristics on Diesel Engine Soot and NOx Emissions , 1994 .

[25]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Intake Flow Simulation and Comparison with PTV Measurements , 1999 .

[26]  H. Hiroyasu,et al.  Development and Use of a Spray Combustion Modeling to Predict Diesel Engine Efficiency and Pollutant Emissions : Part 1 Combustion Modeling , 1983 .

[27]  Dennis L. Siebers,et al.  Non-Sooting, Low Flame Temperature Mixing-Controlled DI Diesel Combustion , 2003 .

[28]  Z. Gao,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF EGR AND SPLIT FUEL INJECTION ON DIESEL ENGINE EMISSION , 2001 .

[29]  A. S. Kuleshov,et al.  Multi-zone diesel fuel spray combustion model for the simulation of a diesel engine running on biofuel , 2008 .

[30]  G. Karim,et al.  Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Simulation of Diesel and Dual Fuel Engine Combustion , 2009 .

[31]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Effects of Fuel Physical Properties on Diesel Engine Combustion using Diesel and Bio-diesel Fuels , 2008 .

[32]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Exhaust emissions estimation during transient turbocharged diesel engine operation using a two-zone combustion model , 2009 .

[33]  Takayuki Ito,et al.  Mechanism of smokeless diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels based on the dependence of the equivalence ration and temperature on soot particle formation , 2002 .

[34]  G. C. Mavropoulos,et al.  Effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) temperature for various EGR rates on heavy duty DI diesel engine performance and emissions , 2008 .

[35]  A. Hosseinzadeh,et al.  An availability analysis of dual-fuel engines at part loads: The effects of pilot fuel quantity on availability terms , 2009 .