Nonlinear QR code based optical image encryption using spiral phase transform, equal modulus decomposition and singular value decomposition

In this study, we propose a quick response (QR) code based nonlinear optical image encryption technique using spiral phase transform (SPT), equal modulus decomposition (EMD) and singular value decomposition (SVD). First, the primary image is converted into a QR code and then multiplied with a spiral phase mask (SPM). Next, the product is spiral phase transformed with particular spiral phase function, and further, the EMD is performed on the output of SPT, which results into two complex images, Z 1 and Z 2. Among these, Z 1 is further Fresnel propagated with distance d, and Z 2 is reserved as a decryption key. Afterwards, SVD is performed on Fresnel propagated output to get three decomposed matrices i.e. one diagonal matrix and two unitary matrices. The two unitary matrices are modulated with two different SPMs and then, the inverse SVD is performed using the diagonal matrix and modulated unitary matrices to get the final encrypted image. Numerical simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The proposed technique is robust against noise attack, specific attack, and brutal force attack. Simulation results are presented in support of the proposed idea.

[1]  G. Unnikrishnan,et al.  Optical encryption by double-random phase encoding in the fractional Fourier domain. , 2000, Optics letters.

[2]  Li Xin-Xin,et al.  Optical Image Encryption with Simplified Fractional Hartley Transform , 2008 .

[3]  Chao Lin,et al.  Security-enhanced asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition , 2016 .

[4]  Aloka Sinha,et al.  Optical image encryption using improper Hartley transforms and chaos , 2010 .

[5]  Roberto Torroba,et al.  Experimental optical encryption of grayscale information. , 2017, Applied optics.

[6]  Wen Chen,et al.  Space-based optical image encryption. , 2010, Optics express.

[7]  Chuang Lin,et al.  Image encryption by encoding with a nonuniform optical beam in gyrator transform domains. , 2010, Applied optics.

[8]  Xiang Peng,et al.  Asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms. , 2010, Optics letters.

[9]  Linfei Chen,et al.  Image encryption based on singular value decomposition and Arnold transform in fractional domain , 2013 .

[10]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Fully phase encrypted image processor , 1999 .

[11]  Zhengjun Liu,et al.  Cryptanalysis of an "asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition". , 2015, Applied optics.

[12]  Jingjuan Zhang,et al.  Double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain. , 2004, Optics letters.

[13]  B Deepan,et al.  Multiple-image encryption by space multiplexing based on compressive sensing and the double-random phase-encoding technique. , 2014, Applied optics.

[14]  Kehar Singh,et al.  Fully phase encryption using digital holography , 2004 .

[15]  Néstor Bolognini,et al.  Experimental optical encryption system based on a single-lens imaging architecture combined with a phase retrieval algorithm , 2015 .

[16]  Naveen K Nishchal,et al.  Image encryption based on interference that uses fractional Fourier domain asymmetric keys. , 2012, Applied optics.

[17]  P. Cheremkhin,et al.  QR code optical encryption using spatially incoherent illumination , 2017 .

[18]  Li-Hua Gong,et al.  Novel optical image encryption scheme based on fractional Mellin transform , 2011 .

[19]  Peng Zhang,et al.  Chosen-plaintext attack on lensless double-random phase encoding in the Fresnel domain. , 2006, Optics letters.

[20]  Roberto Torroba,et al.  Optical encryption and QR codes: secure and noise-free information retrieval. , 2013, Optics express.

[21]  Roberto Torroba,et al.  Experimental QR code optical encryption: noise-free data recovering. , 2014, Optics letters.

[22]  Hang Chen,et al.  Asymmetric optical cryptosystem for color image based on equal modulus decomposition in gyrator transform domains , 2017 .

[23]  Wen-Liang Hsue,et al.  Real Discrete Fractional Fourier, Hartley, Generalized Fourier and Generalized Hartley Transforms With Many Parameters , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[24]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  A special attack on the asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms , 2012 .

[25]  John Fredy Barrera,et al.  Fault tolerances using toroidal zone plate encryption , 2005 .

[26]  Ravi Kumar,et al.  Optical image encryption using Kronecker product and hybrid phase masks , 2017 .

[27]  Ayman Alfalou,et al.  Robustness against attacks of dual polarization encryption using the Stokes–Mueller formalism , 2012 .

[28]  Bo Wang,et al.  Optical image encryption based on interference. , 2008, Optics letters.

[29]  H. Andrews,et al.  Singular value decompositions and digital image processing , 1976 .

[30]  C. Niu,et al.  An encryption method with multiple encrypted keys based on interference principle. , 2010, Optics express.

[31]  Yuzhen Lu,et al.  Fast demodulation of pattern images by spiral phase transform in structured-illumination reflectance imaging for detection of bruises in apples , 2016, Comput. Electron. Agric..

[32]  Yi Qin,et al.  Encryption of QR code and grayscale image in interference-based scheme with high quality retrieval and silhouette problem removal , 2016 .

[33]  Peng Zhang,et al.  Known-plaintext attack on optical encryption based on double random phase keys. , 2006, Optics letters.

[34]  Linfei Chen,et al.  Optical image encryption with redefined fractional Hartley transform , 2008 .

[35]  M. A. Oldfield,et al.  Natural demodulation of two-dimensional fringe patterns. I. General background of the spiral phase quadrature transform. , 2001, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[36]  Juan Liu,et al.  Experimental verification of optical image encryption based on interference , 2011 .

[37]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions , 1970, Milestones in Matrix Computation.

[38]  John Fredy Barrera,et al.  Optical encryption method using toroidal zone plates , 2005 .

[39]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Optical encryption using a joint transform correlator architecture , 2000 .

[40]  Jingjuan Zhang,et al.  Multiple-image encryption by wavelength multiplexing. , 2005, Optics letters.

[41]  Huijuan Li,et al.  Image encryption based on gyrator transform and two-step phase-shifting interferometry , 2009 .

[42]  Caojin Yuan,et al.  Asymmetric color image encryption based on singular value decomposition , 2017 .

[43]  Kehar Singh,et al.  Image encryption using fractional Mellin transform, structured phase filters, and phase retrieval , 2014 .

[44]  Xiaolei Wang,et al.  Experimental study on optical image encryption with asymmetric double random phase and computer-generated hologram. , 2017, Optics express.

[45]  Shuming Jiao,et al.  QR code based noise-free optical encryption and decryption of a gray scale image , 2017 .

[46]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Optical image hiding with silhouette removal based on the optical interference principle. , 2012, Applied optics.

[47]  Jesús Lancis,et al.  Optical encryption based on computational ghost imaging. , 2010, Optics letters.

[48]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Roadmap on optical security , 2016 .

[49]  B Javidi,et al.  Encrypted optical memory system using three-dimensional keys in the Fresnel domain. , 1999, Optics letters.

[50]  B Javidi,et al.  Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding. , 1995, Optics letters.

[51]  Arturo Carnicer,et al.  Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of optical encryption schemes based on double random phase keys. , 2005, Optics letters.

[52]  Isha Mehra,et al.  Optical image encryption using equal modulus decomposition and multiple diffractive imaging , 2016 .

[53]  Ming Lei,et al.  Asymmetric optical cryptosystem based on coherent superposition and equal modulus decomposition. , 2015, Optics letters.

[54]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Advances in optical security systems , 2014 .

[55]  Bahram Javidi,et al.  Resistance of the double random phase encryption against various attacks. , 2007, Optics express.

[56]  B Javidi,et al.  Error-reduction techniques and error analysis for fully phase- and amplitude-based encryption. , 2000, Applied optics.

[57]  Xudong Chen,et al.  Optical image encryption based on diffractive imaging. , 2010, Optics letters.