Relation Between Lack of Forgiveness and Depression

Although an association between lack of forgiveness and poor mental health is known, prior studies have reported mixed findings of the relationship between lack of forgiveness and depressive symptoms. In an attempt to explain the strength differences between lack of forgiveness and depressive symptoms, this study examined the moderating effect of self-compassion. A total of 311 Korean teachers (89 men, 222 women; M age = 39.3 year, SD = 9.1) were asked to complete self-report questionnaires, including the Korean versions of the Trait Forgivingness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Moderated multiple regression was used for analysis, and a buffering interaction of self-compassion was discovered. Specifically, self-compassion moderated the relationship between lack of forgiveness and depression; the relationship was stronger for those low on self-compassion.

[1]  Ryan P. Brown Measuring Individual Differences in the Tendency to Forgive: Construct Validity and Links with Depression , 2003, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[2]  B. Fredrickson What Good Are Positive Emotions? , 1998, Review of general psychology : journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association.

[3]  E. Worthington,et al.  The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice , 1999 .

[4]  R. Gorsuch,et al.  Forgiveness within the Big Five personality model , 2002 .

[5]  D. Rickwood Pathways of recovery: preventing further episodes of mental illness (monograph) , 2008 .

[6]  Don E. Davis,et al.  Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness , 2009 .

[7]  A. Hayes Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach , 2013 .

[8]  Larry E. Toothaker,et al.  Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions , 1991 .

[9]  D. Cohen,et al.  Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescence. , 2015, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[10]  K. Neff,et al.  Self-Compassion and Psychological Well-being , 2017 .

[11]  E. Worthington,et al.  Attachment and trait forgivingness: The mediating role of angry rumination , 2007 .

[12]  R. O’Brien,et al.  A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors , 2007 .

[13]  Everett L. Worthington,et al.  Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. , 2001 .

[14]  A. Kalayjian,et al.  Introduction: Issues and Themes in Forgiveness and Reconciliation , 2009 .

[15]  Michael J. Subkoviak,et al.  Measuring Interpersonal Forgiveness in Late Adolescence and Middle Adulthood. , 1995 .

[16]  Robert J. Murray,et al.  Forgiveness as a Therapeutic Option , 2002 .

[17]  S. Bae,et al.  A Study of Relationship Among Forgiveness, Depression and Depressive Response Styles , 2009 .

[18]  P. Lachenbruch Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[19]  Patrick Dattalo Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables , 2013 .

[20]  L. Radloff The CES-D Scale , 1977 .

[21]  S. West,et al.  The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. , 1996 .

[22]  J. Maltby,et al.  Failure to forgive self and others : a replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health , 2001 .

[23]  B. H. Kaplan,et al.  Social health and the forgiving heart: The Type B story , 1992, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[24]  J. Brockner Self-Esteem at Work: Research, Theory and Practice , 1988 .

[25]  D. Hope The healing paradox of forgiveness. , 1987 .

[26]  D. Krahn,et al.  Effects of forgiveness therapy on anger, mood, and vulnerability to substance use among inpatient substance-dependent clients. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[27]  Myungsun Chung,et al.  A Path-analytic Study of Associations between Attachment, Rumination, Empathy, and Forgiveness , 2014 .

[28]  K. Neff,et al.  The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion , 2003 .

[29]  R. Fitzgibbons The Cognitive And Emotive Uses Of Forgiveness In The Treatment Of Anger , 1986 .

[30]  Jacob Cohen Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[31]  B. Fredrickson The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. , 2004, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[32]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Forgiveness, Retaliation and Paranoid Reactions , 1978, Canadian Psychiatric Association journal.

[34]  Jon R. Webb,et al.  Theoretical and Empirical Connections Between Forgiveness, Mental Health, and Well-Being , 2005 .

[35]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 1979 .

[36]  Michael R. Healy,et al.  Ingroup Bias and Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis , 2000 .

[37]  R. Dodhia A Review of Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.) , 2005 .

[38]  Myungsun Chung Pathways between attachment and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness , 2014 .

[39]  J. Berry,et al.  Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. , 2005, Journal of personality.

[40]  Dan J Stein,et al.  The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa: relation to psychiatric status and forgiveness among survivors of human rights abuses. , 2001, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[41]  C. Sedikides Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. , 1993 .

[42]  R. Enright,et al.  Helping Clients Forgive: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope , 2000 .

[43]  Steven C. Ward Filling the world with self-esteem : A social history of truth-making , 1996 .

[44]  J. Berry,et al.  Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. , 2001 .

[45]  A. Kalayjian,et al.  Forgiveness and Reconciliation : Psychological Pathways to Conflict Transformation and Peace Building , 2009 .

[46]  C. Coulton,et al.  Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression , 1993 .

[47]  Paul A. Mauger,et al.  The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research. , 1992 .

[48]  S. Saxena,et al.  Prevention of mental disorders : effective interventions and policy options : summary report , 2004 .

[49]  Peter C. Hill,et al.  Physiological and psychological correlates of forgiveness. , 2001 .

[50]  Kathleen D. Vohs,et al.  Narcissism as Addiction to Esteem , 2001 .

[51]  Terri Gullickson,et al.  The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem. , 1995 .

[52]  E. Worthington Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Theory and Application , 2006 .

[53]  이우경,et al.  The validation study of the Korean version of the Self-Compassion Scale , 2008 .

[54]  Julie J. Exline,et al.  EMPATHY, SELF-AFFIRMATION, AND FORGIVENESS: THE MODERATING ROLES OF GENDER AND ENTITLEMENT , 2009 .

[55]  F. Neto,et al.  Personality, self‐esteem, and self‐construal as correlates of forgivingness , 2004 .