Analysis Of Interaction Of Grit And Social Intelligence With Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Youth In Public Sector Higher Educational Institutions Of Balochistan

Entrepreneurship has widely been recognized as a prominent mean of self-employment, job creation and economic development. The process of indulging in entrepreneurial activities begin with entrepreneurial intensions which is influenced by multiple factors. This paper intends to analyze the role of grit and social intelligence with mediating-moderating role of family occupational orientation and risk-taking propensity on entrepreneurial intentions of the undergraduate level university students. The data has been gathered from 378 final year business studies students at public sector universities through self-administrated questionnaire across Balochistan province of Pakistan by using multi-stage sampling methods. This study follows quantitative cross-sectional design and the foundation of the study is based on the principles of theory of planned behavior. The findings reveal positive significant relationship of underlying variables on entrepreneurial intensions. The study proposes practical implications and guidelines for understanding and promoting students’ entrepreneurial intentions and is one of the first studies conducted in this region.

[1]  M. Wolfe.  Entrepreneurial Grit: Insights and Applications for New Ventures , 2021, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management.

[2]  E. García-Cueto,et al.  Entrepreneurial personality, conscientiousness, self-control, and grit: the psychological side of self-employment , 2021 .

[3]  Scott E. Bryant,et al.  Entrepreneurial Action and Intention: The Role of Entrepreneurial Mindset, Emotional Intelligence, and Grit , 2021, Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy.

[4]  Global Economic Prospects, January 2021 , 2021, Global Economic Prospects.

[5]  A. Al-Amin,et al.  Global economic crisis, energy use, CO2 emissions, and policy roadmap amid COVID-19 , 2020, Sustainable Production and Consumption.

[6]  M. Curtis,et al.  Ethical relativism in accounting: A cross-cultural examination of the influence of culture and risk taking propensity on ethical decision-making , 2020 .

[7]  G. Hoang,et al.  Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Vietnam: the mediating roles of self-efficacy and learning orientation , 2020, Education + Training.

[8]  Yaser Hasan Salem Al-Mamary,et al.  Factors impacting entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Saudi Arabia: testing an integrated model of TPB and EO , 2020 .

[9]  O. Farooq,et al.  A motivational theory perspective on entrepreneurial intentions: a gender comparative study , 2020 .

[10]  M. Anwar,et al.  Personality traits and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of risk aversion , 2020 .

[11]  Gulsah Sisman,et al.  Predicting the entrepreneurial intention: a moderated mediation model , 2020, International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development.

[12]  E. Herman,et al.  The Impact of the Family Background on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Empirical Analysis , 2020, Sustainability.

[13]  Salvador Roig-Dobón,et al.  The entrepreneurial process: The link between intentions and behavior , 2020 .

[14]  Juan Pablo Pérez,et al.  Testing mediating effects of individual entrepreneurial orientation on the relation between close environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention , 2020 .

[15]  N. Ahmed,et al.  Developing Entrepreneurship in Pakistan through Higher Education , 2019, Global Social Sciences Review.

[16]  S. Kousar,et al.  Role of entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour: theory of planned behaviour extension on engineering students in Pakistan , 2019, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research.

[17]  Muhammad Farrukh,et al.  The Role of Internship and Business Incubation Programs in Forming Entrepreneurial Intentions: an Empirical Analysis from Pakistan , 2019, Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe.

[18]  Fei Hou,et al.  Model of the Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students in the Pearl River Delta of China , 2019, Front. Psychol..

[19]  Thi Bich Lien Vu,et al.  Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among youths in Vietnam , 2019, Children and Youth Services Review.

[20]  R. Hoyle,et al.  Grit as Predictor of Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment in Spain , 2019, Front. Psychol..

[21]  Naimatullah Shah,et al.  Factors affecting the entrepreneurial leadership in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of Pakistan , 2019, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development.

[22]  Cai Jianfeng,et al.  Personality traits and theory of planned behavior comparison of entrepreneurial intentions between an emerging economy and a developing country , 2019, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.

[23]  Don C. Zhang,et al.  Development and validation of the General Risk Propensity Scale (GRiPS) , 2018, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.

[24]  R. Humphrey,et al.  Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: an exploratory meta-analysis , 2018, Career Development International.

[25]  Patricia J. Moore,et al.  Emotional and Social Intelligence as ‘Magic Key’ in Innovation: A Designer’s call toward inclusivity for all , 2018, Journal of Innovation Management.

[26]  Lawrence J. Marks,et al.  Risk-Taking Propensity and Entrepreneurship: The Role of Power Distance , 2018 .

[27]  Patrick L. Schultz,et al.  Beyond the Big Five: does grit influence the entrepreneurial intent of university students in the US? , 2018, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research.

[28]  Sara Bonesso,et al.  Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of Prior Learning Experiences and Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Competencies* , 2018 .

[29]  A. O. Lawanson,et al.  Entrepreneurial interest and academic performance in Nigeria: evidence from undergraduate students in the University of Ibadan , 2017 .

[30]  Stephen Pratt,et al.  Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach , 2017, Journal of Business Research.

[31]  Zhao Zhou,et al.  Buddhist entrepreneurs and new venture performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial risk-taking , 2017 .

[32]  Sohail Akhtar,et al.  Neglecting human resource development in OBOR, a case of the China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) , 2017 .

[33]  H. Biemans,et al.  Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country , 2017, International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie.

[34]  Brandon A. Mueller,et al.  Passion and grit: An exploration of the pathways leading to venture success , 2017 .

[35]  A. Teixeira,et al.  Prior education and entrepreneurial intentions: the differential impact of a wide range of fields of study , 2017 .

[36]  Todd A. Mooradian,et al.  Perspiration and inspiration: Grit and innovativeness as antecedents of entrepreneurial success , 2016 .

[37]  Pankaj C. Patel,et al.  Grit and self-employment: a multi-country study , 2016 .

[38]  T. Castleman.  The role of human recognition in development , 2016 .

[39]  A. Hamed,et al.  Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of Theory of Planned Behaviour , 2015 .

[40]  J. Denollet,et al.  Theory of Planned Behavior , 2015 .

[41]  Alex F. DeNoble,et al.  The Big Five Personality–Entrepreneurship Relationship: Evidence from Slovenia , 2015 .

[42]  Miguel Ángel Sastre-Castillo,et al.  Personality traits versus work values: Comparing psychological theories on entrepreneurial intention , 2015 .

[43]  Yonghwan Kim,et al.  Discussion Network Heterogeneity Matters: Examining a Moderated Mediation Model of Social Media Use and Civic Engagement , 2015 .

[44]  A. Fayolle,et al.  A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda , 2015, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal.

[45]  C. Skinner.  Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) Sampling , 2014 .

[46]  W. Hulsink,et al.  The young, the fast and the furious: A study about the triggers and impediments of youth entrepreneurship , 2014 .

[47]  Angela L. Duckworth,et al.  True Grit: Trait-Level Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals Predicts Effectiveness and Retention among Novice Teachers , 2014, Teachers College record.

[48]  M. Sondari.  Is Entrepreneurship Education Really Needed?: Examining the Antecedent of Entrepreneurial Career Intention☆ , 2014 .

[49]  Angela L. Duckworth,et al.  The grit effect: predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage , 2013, Front. Psychol..

[50]  C. Gowthami,et al.  A Study of the Association between Entrepreneurial Resourcefulness and Family Occupation , 2013 .

[51]  Sascha G. Walter,et al.  Knowledge context and entrepreneurial intentions among students , 2012 .

[52]  Joeri Sol,et al.  Why Do Entrepreneurial Parents Have Entrepreneurial Children? , 2012, Journal of Labor Economics.

[53]  Florian B. Zapkau,et al.  Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention , 2012 .

[54]  Michael Koenig,et al.  Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Meta–Analytic Test and Integration of Competing Models , 2012 .

[55]  H. Patzelt,et al.  Intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurial intentions , 2012 .

[56]  M. Lévesque,et al.  Age matters: how demographics influence aggregate entrepreneurship , 2011 .

[57]  D. Yordanova,et al.  Gender effects on risk‐taking of entrepreneurs: evidence from Bulgaria , 2011 .

[58]  Holly M. Hutchins,et al.  Mediation and Moderated Mediation in the Relationship Among Role Models, Self‐Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Career Intention, and Gender , 2011 .

[59]  Felicia G. Lassk,et al.  Antecedents of Team Creativity: An Examination of Team Emotional Intelligence, Team Trust and Collaborative Culture , 2010 .

[60]  Mário Franco,et al.  Students' entrepreneurial intentions: an inter‐regional comparison , 2010 .

[61]  Yi-Wen Chen,et al.  Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions , 2009 .

[62]  Lisa K. Gundry,et al.  Intuition versus Analysis? Testing Differential Models of Cognitive Style on Entrepreneurial Self–Efficacy and the New Venture Creation Process , 2009 .

[63]  Duygu Turker,et al.  Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students , 2009 .

[64]  P. Quinn,et al.  Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit–S) , 2009, Journal of personality assessment.

[65]  Kristopher J Preacher,et al.  Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models , 2008, Behavior research methods.

[66]  J. Carr,et al.  The Relationship between Entrepreneur Psychological Capital and Well-Being , 2007 .

[67]  J. Carr,et al.  Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior approach , 2007 .

[68]  Ilo Employment Trends.  Global Employment Trends for Youth, 2006 , 2006 .

[69]  A. Licht,et al.  The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship , 2005 .

[70]  David Urbano,et al.  University Students’ Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: A Two Countries Comparison , 2005 .

[71]  E. Soane,et al.  Personality and domain‐specific risk taking , 2005 .

[72]  M Martinussen,et al.  The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, a self-report measure of social intelligence. , 2001, Scandinavian journal of psychology.

[73]  Michael D. Reilly,et al.  Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions , 2000 .

[74]  K. Björkqvist,et al.  Social intelligence - empathy = aggression? , 2000 .

[75]  S. Sitkin,et al.  Determinants of Risky Decision-Making Behavior: A Test of the Mediating Role of Risk Perceptions and Propensity , 1995 .

[76]  Jennifer A. Chatman,et al.  PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: A PROFILE COMPARISON APPROACH TO ASSESSING PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT , 1991 .

[77]  Barbara J. Bird.  Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention , 1988 .

[78]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[79]  M. K. D. Vries,et al.  THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PERSONALITY: A PERSON AT THE CROSSROADS , 1977 .

[80]  K. Reinhardt,et al.  BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS , 2023, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[81]  Virginia Barba-Sánchez,et al.  The entrepreneurial intention of university students: An environmental perspective , 2022, European Research on Management and Business Economics.

[82]  D. Shepherd,et al.  Researching Entrepreneurial Failures , 2017 .

[83]  Purna Prabhakar Nandamuri,et al.  An Analysis of Family Occupational Background as a Construct of Entrepreneurial Orientation among the Youth , 2016 .

[84]  K. Muralidharan,et al.  Sample Size Determination , 2015 .

[85]  T. Rahimi-Pordanjani,et al.  Personality traits as predictors of occupational accident rates among workers of Khorasan Petrochemical Company, Iran , 2015 .

[86]  M. Sarstedt,et al.  A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling , 2015 .

[87]  Jennifer Marecki.  The Importance of Social Intelligence for Entrepreneurial Leaders , 2014 .

[88]  C. Owen,et al.  A Study of Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students , 2014 .

[89]  Steven B. Moser,et al.  Family background and gender: implications for interest in small firm ownership , 1995 .

[90]  Michael J. Roberts,et al.  New business ventures and the entrepreneur , 1974 .

[91]  Conrad Lashley,et al.  The influence of family tradition and psychological traits on entrepreneurial intention , 2012 .