All cellulose composites based on cellulose diacetate and nanofibrillated cellulose prepared by alkali treatment.

Cellulose diacetate (CDA) composite films were synthesized by incorporation of nanofibrillated celluloses (NFCs), using a casting/evaporation technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization indicated the presence of interaction and certain compatibility between CDA and NFCs. The CDA and NFCs were converted to cellulose II by an alkaline treatment which resulted in the formation of all cellulose composite (ACC) films, as indicated by the FTIR and XRD characterization. Significant changes were observed in their structural, thermal, mechanical, and optical transparency properties. The SEM images revealed the excellent compatibility among the constituents of the ACC films. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and strain at break of the ACC films with 15wt% NFCs content were increased to 102.3MPa, 5.8GPa, 14.7% respectively. This work provides a promising pathway for manufacturing high performance ACC materials.

[1]  E. Cranston,et al.  The role of hydrogen bonding in non-ionic polymer adsorption to cellulose nanocrystals and silica colloids , 2017 .

[2]  M. L. Nelson,et al.  Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in celluloses I and II , 1964 .

[3]  W. Park,et al.  Electrospinning of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers: Studies of a new solvent system and deacetylation of ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers , 2004 .

[4]  R. G. Candido,et al.  Synthesis of cellulose acetate and carboxymethylcellulose from sugarcane straw. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[5]  Feijun Wang,et al.  The transparency and mechanical properties of cellulose acetate nanocomposites using cellulose nanowhiskers as fillers , 2013, Cellulose.

[6]  Shanshan Luo,et al.  H3PW12O40·4H2O as an efficient catalyst for the conversion of cellulose into partially substituted cellulose acetate , 2015 .

[7]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Reinforcement of all-cellulose nanocomposite films using native cellulose nanofibrils. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.

[8]  A. Nada,et al.  Thermal behavior of cellulose and some cellulose derivatives , 2000 .

[9]  L. Segal',et al.  An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-Ray Diffractometer , 1959 .

[10]  M. Houghton,et al.  Fabrication of flexible self-standing all-cellulose nanofibrous composite membranes for virus removal. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[11]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Flexible, highly transparent and iridescent all-cellulose hybrid nanopaper with enhanced mechanical strength and writable surface. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.

[12]  J. Sirviö,et al.  Characterization of highly accessible cellulose microfibers generated by wet stirred media milling , 2011 .

[13]  M. Alcalà,et al.  All-cellulose composites from unbleached hardwood kraft pulp reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose , 2013, Cellulose.

[14]  Xunwen Sun,et al.  Water-soluble cellulose acetate from waste cotton fabrics and the aqueous processing of all-cellulose composites. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[15]  F. Carrillo,et al.  Structural FTIR analysis and thermal characterisation of lyocell and viscose-type fibres , 2004 .

[16]  M. Vallejos,et al.  All-Cellulose Composite Fibers Obtained by Electrospinning Dispersions of Cellulose Acetate and Cellulose Nanocrystals , 2012, Journal of Polymers and the Environment.

[17]  Chengjun Zhou,et al.  Comparative properties of cellulose nano-crystals from native and mercerized cotton fibers , 2012, Cellulose.

[18]  T. Nishino,et al.  All-Cellulose Composite , 2004 .

[19]  B. Duchemin,et al.  Phase transformations in microcrystalline cellulose due to partial dissolution , 2007 .

[20]  Lifeng Yan,et al.  Preparation of all-cellulose composite by selective dissolving of cellulose surface in PEG/NaOH aqueous solution , 2010 .

[21]  B. Duchemin,et al.  Concentration driven cocrystallisation and percolation in all-cellulose nanocomposites , 2016, Cellulose.

[22]  Yixiang Wang,et al.  Impacts of nanowhisker on formation kinetics and properties of all-cellulose composite gels , 2011 .

[23]  L. Drzal,et al.  Microfibrillated cellulose/cellulose acetate composites: Effect of surface treatment , 2010 .

[24]  J. Nam,et al.  Cellulose diacetate reinforced with electrospun cellulose fiber: A new route to prepare an all cellulose-based composite , 2013 .

[25]  R. T. O’connor,et al.  Applications of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigations of Cotton and Modified Cottons , 1958 .

[26]  A. Bismarck,et al.  Self-reinforced cellulose nanocomposites , 2010 .

[27]  Tong-Qi Yuan,et al.  Microwave-Assisted Solvent-Free Acetylation of Cellulose with Acetic Anhydride in the Presence of Iodine as a Catalyst , 2009, Molecules.

[28]  S. Pang,et al.  A critical review of all-cellulose composites , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[29]  M. L. Nelson,et al.  Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal latticed type. Part I. Spectra of lattice types I, II, III and of amorphous cellulose , 1964 .

[30]  Monica C. Concha,et al.  Segal crystallinity index revisited by the simulation of X-ray diffraction patterns of cotton cellulose Iβ and cellulose II. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[31]  You-Lo Hsieh,et al.  Ultrafine fibrous cellulose membranes from electrospinning of cellulose acetate , 2002 .

[32]  T. Peijs,et al.  The effect of fibre volume fraction and mercerization on the properties of all-cellulose composites , 2008 .

[33]  B. Duchemin.  Mercerisation of cellulose in aqueous NaOH at low concentrations , 2015 .

[34]  B. Duchemin,et al.  All-cellulose composites based on microfibrillated cellulose and filter paper via a NaOH-urea solvent system , 2016, Cellulose.

[35]  P. Tingaut,et al.  Supramolecular structure characterization of cellulose II nanowhiskers produced by acid hydrolysis of cellulose I substrates. , 2012, Biomacromolecules.

[36]  M. Vignon,et al.  Mercerization of primary wall cellulose and its implication for the conversion of cellulose I→cellulose II , 2002 .

[37]  Mehdi Jonoobi,et al.  Physicochemical characterization of pulp and nanofibers from kenaf stem , 2011 .