Diversité et complémentarité des modèles multi-agents en sciences sociales

Les systemes multi-agents sont utilises depuis une quinzaine d’annees pour simuler la dynamique des phenomenes sociaux. Ils permettent de conceptualiser les interactions entre un ensemble organise d’agents et d’explorer les structures qui en emergent par la formalisation de situations complexes ou des agents heterogenes operent a des echelles multiples. Cet article presente et discute un cadre de pensee qui articule les domaines concernes (empirique, conceptuel, modele) de maniere generale et dans le cas des systemes multi-agents ; il developpe ensuite une grille d’analyse pour saisir les divers usages de ces systemes, en explorant plus particulierement l’opposition methodologique entre modeles parcimonieux (KISS) et descriptifs (KIDS), laquelle reflete en realite differents moments de l’investigation scientifique ; enfin, il applique ce cadre et cette grille a l’analyse de plusieurs exemples en sociologie, economie et geographie (segregation residentielle, inegalites scolaires, emergence des normes, fonctionnement d’un marche, hierarchisation urbaine) et se conclut par des propositions methodologiques fondees sur une approche abductive de l’utilisation des systemes multi-agents en sciences sociales.

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