Can Deep BlueTM Make Us Happy? Reflections on Human and Artificial Expertise

Sadly, progress in AI has confirmed earlier conclusions, reached using formal domains, about the strict limits of human information processing and has also shown that these limits are only partly remedied by intuition. More positively, AI offers mankind a unique avenue to circumvent its cognitive limits: (1) by acting as a prosthesis extending processing capacity and size of the knowledge base; (2) by offering tools for studying our own cognition; and (3) as a consequence of the previous item, by developing tools that increase the quality and quantity of our own thinking. These ideas are illustrated with chess expertise.

[1]  Hubert L. Dreyfus,et al.  What computers still can't do - a critique of artificial reason , 1992 .

[2]  E. L. Kelly.  Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and review of the evidence. , 1955 .

[3]  Gennady Timoshchenko.  Bishop or Knight? , 1993, J. Int. Comput. Games Assoc..

[4]  Fernand Gobet,et al.  Perception and memory in chess: Heuristics of the professional eye , 1996 .

[5]  J. Kagan,et al.  Rational choice in an uncertain world , 1988 .

[6]  H. Simon,et al.  Perception in chess , 1973 .

[7]  John R. Anderson,et al.  Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned , 1995 .

[8]  Mark Sturman.  Beware the Bishop Pair , 1996, J. Int. Comput. Games Assoc..

[9]  H. Simon,et al.  Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[10]  S. Amano,et al.  Psychology of Reasoning , 1923 .

[11]  Hubert L. Dreyfus,et al.  A Critique of Artificial Reason , 1968 .

[12]  Richard Reviewer-Granger.  Unified Theories of Cognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[13]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Roles of Recognition Processes and Look-Ahead Search in Time-Constrained Expert Problem Solving: Evidence From Grand-Master-Level Chess , 1996 .

[14]  H. Simon,et al.  A simulation of memory for chess positions. , 1973 .

[15]  A. D. D. Groot.  Thought and Choice in Chess , 1978 .

[16]  Gary Klein,et al.  Time Pressure, Skill, and Move Quality in Chess , 1988 .

[17]  N. Roth.  PERCEPTION AND MEMORY. , 1963, Journal of the Hillside Hospital.

[18]  H A Simon,et al.  Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving. , 1969, Psychological review.

[19]  D. Thomas King,et al.  Mind over Machine. , 1978 .

[20]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[21]  Raúl E. Valdés-Pérez,et al.  Conjecturing Hidden Entities by Means of Simplicity and Conservation Laws: Machine Discovery in Chemistry , 1994, Artif. Intell..

[22]  Adrianus Dingeman de Groot.  Intuition in Chess , 1986, J. Int. Comput. Games Assoc..

[23]  R. Puccetti.  Pattern Recognition in Computers and the Human Brain: , 1974, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.

[24]  A. D. D. Groot,et al.  Perception and memory in chess: Studies in the heuristics of the prodessional eye , 1996 .

[25]  Ingo Althöfer,et al.  A Symbiosis of Man and Machine Beats Grandmaster Timoshchenko , 1997, J. Int. Comput. Games Assoc..

[26]  John R. Anderson,et al.  Rules of the Mind , 1993 .

[27]  Peter J. Jansen,et al.  Using knowledge about the opponent in game-tree search , 1992 .

[28]  John McCarthy,et al.  What Computers Still Can't Do , 1996, Artif. Intell..

[29]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content , 1972 .

[30]  Fernand Gobet,et al.  Perception and Memory in Chess , 1996, J. Int. Comput. Games Assoc..