Sex Differences in Mortality From COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Sex disaggregated data is an important for reducing health inequities in medicine. Global data suggests that is a sex difference in mortality from COVID-19. In this report, we explore plausible reasons for this sex difference including the contribution of underlying cardiovascular risk factors, high risk behaviors, immune response and biological differences between men and women.

[1]  J. Robbins,et al.  Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. , 2000, The Journal of family practice.

[2]  M. Möller,et al.  The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility , 2019, Human Genomics.

[3]  S. Klein,et al.  Sex differences in immune responses , 2016, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[4]  D. Batlle,et al.  Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? , 2020, Clinical science.

[5]  Z. Tong,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Patients Who Died of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China , 2020, JAMA network open.

[6]  C. Eastin,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China , 2020, The Journal of Emergency Medicine.

[7]  S. Almalki,et al.  The pattern of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data from the Saudi Ministry of Health , 2014, International journal of general medicine.

[8]  K. Bhatia,et al.  Sex differences in angiotensin-converting enzyme modulation of Ang (1-7) levels in normotensive WKY rats. , 2013, American journal of hypertension.

[9]  A. Arnold,et al.  Sex chromosome complement contributes to sex differences in coxsackievirus B3 but not influenza A virus pathogenesis , 2011, Biology of Sex Differences.

[10]  J. Qiao,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  G. Oudit,et al.  Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: A Double-Edged Sword. , 2020, Circulation.

[12]  Yi Feng,et al.  The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 , 2020, Cardiovascular research.

[13]  R. Ragni,et al.  Sex Differences in Public Restroom Handwashing Behavior Associated with Visual Behavior Prompts , 2003, Perceptual and motor skills.

[14]  K. Yuen,et al.  Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  P. T. Ten Eyck,et al.  Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection , 2017, The Journal of Immunology.

[16]  Zunyou Wu,et al.  Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. , 2020, JAMA.