Investigating the disruptive effect of computer game technologies on medical education and training.

[1]  A. Gallagher,et al.  A comparison between randomly alternating imaging, normal laparoscopic imaging, and virtual reality training in laparoscopic psychomotor skill acquisition. , 2000, American journal of surgery.

[2]  Amitai Ziv,et al.  Simulation Based Medical Education: an opportunity to learn from errors , 2005, Medical teacher.

[3]  Anthony G Gallagher,et al.  Smart tutor: a pilot study of a novel adaptive simulation environment. , 2005, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[4]  G. Fried,et al.  Development of a model for training and evaluation of laparoscopic skills. , 1998, American journal of surgery.

[5]  A D Oxman,et al.  Changing physician performance. A systematic review of the effect of continuing medical education strategies. , 1995, JAMA.

[6]  Robert Stone,et al.  Virtual reality laparoscopic simulator for assessment in gynaecology , 2003, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[7]  R. M. Satava,et al.  Disruptive visions: predictive simulation—between scientific method and clinical trial is the role of modeling and simulation in scientific discovery and validation , 2004, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[8]  Michael Zyda Creating a science of games , 2007 .

[9]  Marc Prensky,et al.  Don't bother me, Mom, I'm learning! , 2006 .

[10]  Michael Schrage,et al.  Serious Play: How the World's Best Companies Simulate to Innovate , 1999 .

[11]  Marlies P Schijven,et al.  Validation of virtual reality simulators: Key to the successful integration of a novel teaching technology into minimal access surgery , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[12]  Roger D. Smith,et al.  The Disruptive Potential of Game Technologies , 2007 .

[13]  C. D. Smith,et al.  A computer-based laparoscopic skills assessment device differentiates experienced from novice laparoscopic surgeons , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy.

[14]  Mary Roach,et al.  Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers , 2003 .

[15]  R. Satava,et al.  Virtual reality as a metric for the assessment of laparoscopic psychomotor skills , 2002, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[16]  B. Dunkin,et al.  Surgical simulation: a current review , 2007, Surgical Endoscopy.

[17]  Ara Darzi,et al.  Surgical Crisis Management Skills Training and Assessment: A Stimulation-Based Approach to Enhancing Operating Room Performance , 2006 .

[18]  Michal Ponder,et al.  A Virtual Reality System for the Training of Volunteers Involved in Health Emergency Situations , 2003, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[19]  Christine Angela Vaupel The effects of video game playing on academic task performance and brain wave activity. , 2002 .

[20]  Jenny Dankelman,et al.  Surgical training and simulation , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[21]  E. DeMaria,et al.  Night Call Does Not Impair Learning of Laparoscopic Skills , 2005, Surgical innovation.

[22]  Frank H. Maier,et al.  What are we talking about?—A taxonomy of computer simulations to support learning , 2000 .

[23]  Robert D. Putnam,et al.  Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community , 2000, CSCW '00.

[24]  Daniel Bielser,et al.  Open surgery simulation. , 2002, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[25]  R A Robb,et al.  Virtual endoscopy: evaluation using the visible human datasets and comparison with real endoscopy in patients. , 1997, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[26]  Abraham Flexner,et al.  MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. , 1910, Science.

[27]  Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell The Norton history of technology , 1994 .

[28]  J. Casti Would-Be Worlds: How Simulation Is Changing the Frontiers of Science , 1996 .

[29]  D. Rattner,et al.  The need for training opportunities in advanced laparoscopic surgery , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy.

[30]  T. Grantcharov,et al.  Impact of hand dominance, gender, and experience with computer games on performance in virtual reality laparoscopy , 2003, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[31]  Rusel DeMaria,et al.  High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games, Second Edition , 2002 .

[32]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , 1963 .

[33]  L. Hedman,et al.  Visuospatial skills and computer game experience influence the performance of virtual endoscopy , 2004, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[34]  R. Vecchio,et al.  Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy , 1998, Surgical Endoscopy.

[35]  Richard Wainess,et al.  The Effect of Navigation Maps on Problem Solving Tasks Instantiated in a Computer-Based Video Game , 2004 .

[36]  J. C. Herz,et al.  Defense Horizons. Number 11, April 2002. Computer Games and the Military: Two Views , 2002 .

[37]  R. Reznick,et al.  Teaching and testing technical skills. , 1993, American journal of surgery.

[38]  Larry D. Rosen,et al.  Adult and Teenage Use of Consumer, Business, and Entertainment Technology: Potholes on the Information Superhighway? , 1995 .

[39]  D. Tapscott Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation , 1984 .

[40]  Jake Olivier,et al.  Surgical Residents’ Perception of Simulation Training , 2006, The American surgeon.

[41]  S. Sarker,et al.  Simulation and surgical training , 2007, International journal of clinical practice.

[42]  Dmitri Williams,et al.  Trouble in River City : the social life of video games , 2004 .

[43]  James K Takayesu,et al.  A comprehensive medical simulation education curriculum for emergency medicine residents. , 2007, Annals of emergency medicine.

[44]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  How Breakthroughs Happen: The Surprising Truth About How Companies Innovate , 2003 .

[45]  Michael Zyda,et al.  From visual simulation to virtual reality to games , 2005, Computer.

[46]  A. Park,et al.  Ongoing deficits in resident training for minimally invasive surgery , 2002, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[47]  W. McGaghie,et al.  Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment. , 1999, JAMA.

[48]  J. Devitt,et al.  The cost for construction and operation of a simulation centre , 1997, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[49]  Michael J. Zyda,et al.  Modeling and Simulation: Linking Entertainment & Defense , 1997 .

[50]  T. Grantcharov,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of virtual reality simulation for laparoscopic skills training , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[51]  Constance Steinkuehler Cognition and learning in massively multiplayer online games: A critical approach , 2005 .

[52]  W. Nehring,et al.  Human Patient Simulators in Nursing Education: An Overview , 2001 .

[53]  J. Weller,et al.  Survey of use of end‐tidal carbon dioxide for confirming tracheal tube placement in intensive care units in the UK * , 2003, Anaesthesia.

[54]  A. Gallagher,et al.  Correlation between Perceptual, Visuo-spatial, and Psychomotor Aptitude to Duration of Training Required to Reach Performance Goals on the MIST-VR Surgical Simulator , 2005, The American surgeon.

[55]  J. Higgs,et al.  Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions , 2000 .

[56]  Raquel Viciana-Abad,et al.  A preliminary study of presence in virtual reality training simulation for medical emergencies. , 2004, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[57]  Harold Dorn,et al.  Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction , 1999 .

[58]  Richard M Satava,et al.  Days 2 and 3 of the dawn of modern military surgery: the sequel to Senn. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[59]  C. Frantzides,et al.  Assessment of Individual Hand Performance in Box Trainers Compared to Virtual Reality Trainers , 2003, The American surgeon.

[60]  James R Korndorffer,et al.  Laparoscopic skills laboratories: current assessment and a call for resident training standards. , 2006, American journal of surgery.

[61]  A. Gallagher,et al.  Objective Psychomotor Skills Assessment of Experienced, Junior, and Novice Laparoscopists with Virtual Reality , 2001, World Journal of Surgery.

[62]  Nolan Bushnell Relationships between fun and the computer business , 1996, CACM.

[63]  William C. McGaghie,et al.  Simulation-Based Training of Internal Medicine Residents in Advanced Cardiac Life Support Protocols: A Randomized Trial , 2005, Teaching and learning in medicine.

[64]  A. Cuschieri Whither minimal access surgery: tribulations and expectations. , 1995, American journal of surgery.

[65]  A. Gallagher,et al.  Virtual reality training leads to faster adaptation to the novel psychomotor restrictions encountered by laparoscopic surgeons , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy.

[66]  D. Scott,et al.  Construct and face validity of MIST-VR, Endotower, and CELTS , 2005, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[67]  R. Riley,et al.  Anaesthetists’ Attitudes towards an Anaesthesia Simulator. A Comparative Survey: U.S.A. and Australia , 1997, Anaesthesia and intensive care.

[68]  James R Korndorffer,et al.  Closing the gap in operative performance between novices and experts: does harder mean better for laparoscopic simulator training? , 2006, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[69]  J. Korndorffer,et al.  Intensive continuing medical education course training on simulators results in proficiency for laparoscopic suturing. , 2006, American journal of surgery.

[70]  E. DeMaria,et al.  Training the novice in laparoscopy , 2002, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[71]  A. Hyltander Simulation as a teaching alternative: Utopia or reality? , 2012 .

[72]  T. Grantcharov,et al.  Learning curves and impact of psychomotor training on performance in simulated colonoscopy: a randomized trial using a virtual reality endoscopy trainer , 2004, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[73]  Y. Aoyama,et al.  Hardware gimmick or cultural innovation? Technological, cultural, and social foundations of the Japanese video game industry , 2003 .

[74]  Curtis M. Grimm,et al.  King of the hill: Dethroning the industry leader , 2001 .

[75]  T. Krummel,et al.  Use of a human patient simulator in the development of resident trauma management skills. , 2001, The Journal of trauma.

[76]  R. Satava,et al.  Virtual Reality Training Improves Operating Room Performance: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Study , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[77]  G. Ahlberg,et al.  Does training in a virtual reality simulator improve surgical performance? , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[78]  Tien-Yow Chuang,et al.  Application of a virtual reality-enhanced exercise protocol in patients after coronary bypass. , 2005, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[79]  E. Lazar,et al.  Hospital emergency preparedness - lessons learned since Northridge. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[80]  Edward Castronova,et al.  Virtual Worlds: A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier , 2001, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[81]  C. Frantzides,et al.  Laparoscopic baseline ability assessment by virtual reality. , 2005, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[82]  D. Gentile,et al.  The impact of video games on training surgeons in the 21st century. , 2007, Archives of surgery.

[83]  S Abrahamson,et al.  COMMENTARY , 1969, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[84]  Ronald C Merrell,et al.  Training in laparoscopic suturing skills using a new computer-based virtual reality simulator (MIST-VR) provides results comparable to those with an established pelvic trainer system. , 2002, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[85]  Lawrence G. Smith,et al.  The use of standardised patients to assess clinical competence: does practice make perfect? , 2006, Medical education.

[86]  David M. Irby,et al.  A New Series on Medical Education , 2006 .

[87]  Daniel B. Jones,et al.  Comparison of video trainer and virtual reality training systems on acquisition of laparoscopic skills , 2002, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[88]  W. McGaghie,et al.  Stroke training of prehospital providers: an example of simulation-enhanced blended learning and evaluation , 2005, Medical teacher.

[89]  Amy L. Seybert,et al.  Pharmacy student response to patient-simulation mannequins to teach performance-based pharmacotherapeutics. , 2006, American journal of pharmaceutical education.

[90]  R. Kneebone Simulation in surgical training: educational issues and practical implications , 2003, Medical education.

[91]  David C. Lane,et al.  On a Resurgence of Management Simulations and Games , 1995 .

[92]  J Van Dam,et al.  A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing a Virtual Reality Simulator to Bedside Teaching for Training in Sigmoidoscopy , 2003 .

[93]  J. M. Rolfe,et al.  Flight simulation , 1988 .

[94]  David R. Michael,et al.  Serious Games: Games That Educate, Train, and Inform , 2005 .

[95]  Richard M Satava,et al.  The future of sugical simulation and surgical robotics. , 2007, Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons.

[96]  P. Thacker Fake Worlds Offer Real Medicine , 2003 .

[97]  James R Korndorffer,et al.  Simulator training for laparoscopic suturing using performance goals translates to the operating room. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[98]  The impact of perceived interactivity and vividness of video games on customer buying behavior , 2004 .

[99]  F. Mullan The future of medical education: a call for action. , 2003, Health Affairs.

[100]  Robert V Rege,et al.  Effect of sleep deprivation on the performance of simulated laparoscopic surgical skill. , 2003, American journal of surgery.

[101]  P Wallace,et al.  Following the threads of an innovation: the history of standardized patients in medical education. , 1997, Caduceus.

[102]  Stuart L. Hart,et al.  Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries , 1999 .

[103]  John C. Beck,et al.  Got Game: How the Gamer Generation Is Reshaping Business Forever , 2004 .

[104]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? , 1999, JAMA.

[105]  Clayton M. Christensen The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail , 2013 .

[106]  R Kneebone,et al.  Surgical skills training: simulation and multimedia combined , 2001, Medical education.

[107]  Walt Scacchi,et al.  Free and open source development practices in the game community , 2004, IEEE Software.

[108]  Michael Perelman,et al.  Retrospectives Schumpeter, David Wells, and Creative Destruction , 1995 .

[109]  David Greenwald,et al.  Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of virtual-reality simulator training in acquisition of competency in colonoscopy. , 2006, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[110]  Christopher Pearce,et al.  Developing a Web‐based learning network for continuing medical education , 2002 .

[111]  Nader N Massarweh,et al.  Laparoscopic virtual reality training: are 30 repetitions enough? , 2004, The Journal of surgical research.

[112]  Lennart Thurfjell,et al.  Training and assessment of laparoscopic skills using a haptic simulator. , 2002, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[113]  G. Ballantyne,et al.  Granting Clinical Privileges for Telerobotic Surgery , 2002, Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques.

[114]  R. Solow TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE AGGREGATE PRODUCTION FUNCTION , 1957 .

[115]  Henry Chesbrough,et al.  Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology , 2003 .

[116]  The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology , 1995 .

[117]  Hilde Smith-Strøm,et al.  Improving patient safety by using interprofessional simulation training in health professional education , 2006, Journal of interprofessional care.

[118]  Daniel B. Jones,et al.  Laparoscopic training on bench models: better and more cost effective than operating room experience? , 2000, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[119]  Harry Owen,et al.  Improving learning of a clinical skill: the first year's experience of teaching endotracheal intubation in a clinical simulation facility , 2002, Medical education.

[120]  D. Schoetz Evolving practice patterns in colon and rectal surgery. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[121]  Constance Steinkuehler Massively Multiplayer Online Video Gaming as Participation in a Discourse , 2006 .

[122]  Howard A. Schwid Components of an Effective Medical Simulation Software Solution , 2001 .

[123]  Bryan P. Bergeron,et al.  Developing serious games , 2006 .

[124]  J Dankelman,et al.  Fundamental aspects of learning minimally invasive surgical skills , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[125]  Douglas Landsittel,et al.  Can video games be used to predict or improve laparoscopic skills? , 2005, Journal of endourology.

[126]  Amitai Ziv,et al.  Simulation in Medical Education: A Review , 2001 .

[127]  Ralph E. Chatham,et al.  Games for training , 2007, CACM.

[128]  Don Tapscott,et al.  Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything , 2006 .

[129]  R. Satava Virtual reality surgical simulator , 1993, Surgical Endoscopy.

[130]  Randy S Haluck,et al.  Design considerations for computer‐based surgical simulators , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[131]  W. Nicholson,et al.  Use of virtual reality simulation for mission rehearsal for carotid stenting. , 2007, JAMA.

[132]  R. Reznick,et al.  The surgeon simulator. , 1990, Medical teacher.

[133]  H. Birden,et al.  21st century medical education. , 2007, Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association.

[134]  G. Buess,et al.  An innovative trainer for surgical procedures using animal organs , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[135]  Michael J. Zyda This year in the moves institute , 2003, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Telecommunications, 2003. ConTEL 2003..

[136]  Hector Postigo From Pong to Planet Quake: Post-Industrial Transitions from Leisure to Work , 2003 .

[137]  J. S. Denson,et al.  A computer-controlled patient simulator. , 1969, JAMA.

[138]  J. D. Greaves,et al.  Assessment instruments used during anaesthetic simulation: review of published studies. , 2001, British journal of anaesthesia.

[139]  G. Maddern,et al.  Surgical Simulation: A Systematic Review , 2006, Annals of surgery.

[140]  James R Korndorffer,et al.  Psychomotor testing predicts rate of skill acquisition for proficiency-based laparoscopic skills training. , 2006, Surgery.

[141]  Chi-Hyon Lee,et al.  Preferential Linkage and Network Evolution: A Conceptual Model and Empirical Test in the U.S. Video Game Sector , 2004 .

[142]  C. L. Yau,et al.  Determining Standards for Laparoscopic Proficiency Using Virtual Reality , 2005, The American surgeon.

[143]  J. Weller,et al.  Education to address medical error--a role for high fidelity patient simulation. , 2002, The New Zealand medical journal.

[144]  R. M. Satava,et al.  Disruptive visions: surgical education , 2004, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[145]  A. Darzi,et al.  The role of the Basic Surgical Skills course in the acquisition and retention of laparoscopic skill , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy.

[146]  Shahram Payandeh,et al.  Fuzzy classification: towards evaluating performance on a surgical simulator. , 2005, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[147]  J. J. Jakimowicz,et al.  The Eindhoven laparoscopic cholecystectomy training course—improving operating room performance using virtual reality training: results from the first E.A.E.S. accredited virtual reality trainings curriculum , 2005, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[148]  Caitlin Kelleher,et al.  Using storytelling to motivate programming , 2007, CACM.

[149]  Merrilea J. Mayo,et al.  Games for science and engineering education , 2007, CACM.

[150]  Marc Prensky,et al.  Digital game-based learning , 2000, CIE.

[151]  Richard M Satava,et al.  Identification and reduction of surgical error using simulation , 2005, Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies : MITAT : official journal of the Society for Minimally Invasive Therapy.

[152]  Joseph Kolars,et al.  A direct comparison of ERCP teaching models. , 2003, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[153]  D. Leonard-Barton,et al.  Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation , 1995 .

[154]  Molly Cooke,et al.  American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[155]  Richard M Satava The Scientific Method is Dead-Long Live the (New) Scientific Method , 2005, Surgical innovation.

[156]  David Murray,et al.  An acute care skills evaluation for graduating medical students: a pilot study using clinical simulation , 2002, Medical education.

[157]  E. Rogers Diffusion of Innovations, Fourth Edition , 1982 .

[158]  C Sutton,et al.  Learning rate for laparoscopic surgical skills on MIST VR, a virtual reality simulator: quality of human-computer interface. , 1999, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[159]  D. Gaba,et al.  Anesthesia crisis resource management training: teaching anesthesiologists to handle critical incidents. , 1992, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[160]  Sim Heng Ong,et al.  Haptics in computer-mediated simulation: Training in vertebroplasty surgery , 2006 .

[161]  Theresa-Marie Rhyne Computer games and scientific visualization , 2002, CACM.

[162]  Melissa A. Schilling Technological Leapfrogging: Lessons from the U.S. Video Game Console Industry , 2003 .

[163]  J. Lingeman,et al.  Training postgraduate urologists in laparoscopic surgery: the current challenge. , 2002, The Journal of urology.

[164]  Laurence C Torsher,et al.  Simulation medicine in intensive care and coronary care education. , 2007, Journal of critical care.

[165]  Timothy E. Somes,et al.  The Art of Wargaming , 1991 .

[166]  E. Frezza,et al.  Competency-based instruction in critical invasive skills improves both resident performance and patient safety. , 1998, Surgery.

[167]  David A Rogers,et al.  Ethical and Educational Considerations in Minimally Invasive Surgery Training for Practicing Surgeons , 2002, Seminars in laparoscopic surgery.

[168]  Rajesh Aggarwal,et al.  A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for the acquisition of laparoscopic psychomotor skill. , 2006, American journal of surgery.

[169]  Jennifer F. Reinganum Innovation and Industry Evolution , 1985 .

[170]  Jr. Clark Dodsworth Digital Illusion: Entertaining the Future with High Technology , 1997 .

[171]  A. Ziv,et al.  Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review , 2005, Medical teacher.

[172]  Henry Kelly,et al.  How to build serious games , 2007, CACM.

[173]  R. M. Satava,et al.  Evaluation of structured and quantitative training methods for teaching intracorporeal knot tying , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[174]  C. Pursell Technology in America : a history of individuals and ideas , 1983 .

[175]  Rajesh Aggarwal,et al.  Technical-skills training in the 21st century. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[176]  J. Weller,et al.  Simulation training for medical emergencies in general practice , 2005, Medical education.

[177]  R. Reznick,et al.  Teaching surgical skills--changes in the wind. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[178]  R. M. Satava,et al.  Discriminative validity of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer in Virtual Reality (MIST-VR) using criteria levels based on expert performance , 2004, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[179]  D. C. Miller,et al.  SIMNET: the advent of simulator networking , 1995, Proc. IEEE.

[180]  J. Hutchinson The Junior Red Cross goes to Healthland. , 1997, American Journal of Public Health.

[181]  D. Price,et al.  A comprehensive, unembalmed cadaver-based course in advanced emergency procedures for medical students. , 2005, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[182]  Rajesh Aggarwal,et al.  Proving the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Simulation for Training in Laparoscopic Surgery , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[183]  H J Gallagher,et al.  Spatial awareness in urologists: are they different? , 2001, BJU international.

[184]  William C McGaghie,et al.  Effect of practice on standardised learning outcomes in simulation‐based medical education , 2006, Medical education.

[185]  Use of simulation in paediatric anaesthesia training , 2003, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[186]  A. Darzi,et al.  Skill transfer from virtual reality to a real laparoscopic task , 2001, Surgical Endoscopy.

[187]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  Virtual Reality Training for Health-Care Professionals , 2003, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[188]  D. Kushner The wizardry of Id [video games] , 2002 .

[189]  M. Bridges,et al.  The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room. , 1999, American journal of surgery.

[190]  Nathan Clinton Garrelts The official strategy guide for video game studies : a grammar and rhetoric of video games , 2003 .

[191]  Nicholas Zaparyniuk The exploration of video games as a tool for problem solving and cognitive skills development , 2006 .

[192]  Guillaume Alinier,et al.  Effectiveness of intermediate-fidelity simulation training technology in undergraduate nursing education. , 2006, Journal of advanced nursing.

[193]  H A Holm,et al.  Quality issues in continuing medical education , 1998, BMJ.

[194]  C. Frantzides,et al.  Participants' opinions of laparoscopic training devices after a basic laparoscopic training course. , 2005, American journal of surgery.

[195]  Faith Stafford,et al.  The significance of de‐roling and debriefing in training medical students using simulation to train medical students , 2005, Medical education.

[196]  Atul K. Madan,et al.  Substituting Virtual Reality Trainers for Inanimate Box Trainers Does Not Decrease Laparoscopic Skills Acquisition , 2007, JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

[197]  A. Darzi,et al.  Practice distribution in procedural skills training , 2002, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[198]  Venkatesh Shankar,et al.  Network Effects and Competition: An Empirical Analysis of the Home Video Game Industry , 2002 .

[199]  Marcel Martin,et al.  Competency-Based Instruction to Improve the Surgical Resident Technique and Accuracy of the Trauma Ultrasound , 1999, The American surgeon.

[200]  K I Hoffman,et al.  The 'cost-effectiveness' of Sim One. , 1975, Journal of medical education.

[201]  Teodor P Grantcharov,et al.  Learning curves and impact of previous operative experience on performance on a virtual reality simulator to test laparoscopic surgical skills. , 2003, American journal of surgery.

[202]  Kathie Lasater,et al.  High-fidelity simulation and the development of clinical judgment: students' experiences. , 2007, The Journal of nursing education.