A new and evolving paradigm for biocompatibility

We propose that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response and the performance of the device. The interfacial mechanics depends on several different factors related to the physical shape of the device and its surface as well as properties of the host tissue and the loading conditions of the device and surrounding tissue. It seems plausible that the growth of the fibrotic tissue to support mechanical loads is governed by the same priniciples as depicted by Wolfs' Law for bone. Of course, biocompatibility will have different implications depending on which vantage point we look at the host–material interface. Another implication is that only limited aspects of biocompatibility is measurable with current in vitro tests and that the elicited host response in vivo models remains crucial for evaluation of medical devices and tissue engineering constructs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  P. Janmey,et al.  Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate , 2005, Science.

[2]  Vincent Falanga,et al.  Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot , 2005, The Lancet.

[3]  L. Bjursten,et al.  Comparison of implantation and cytotoxicity testing for initially toxic biomaterials. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[4]  D. Hart,et al.  The Basics of Soft Tissue Healing and General Factors that Influence Such Healing , 2005 .

[5]  Frank Beckers,et al.  Cardiovascular function and basics of physiology in microgravity , 2005, Acta cardiologica.

[6]  L. Bjursten,et al.  Pore size in implanted polypropylene filters is critical for tissue organization. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[7]  J. Olsen,et al.  Incidence and Severity of Short-Term Complications After Breast Augmentation: Results From a Nationwide Breast Implant Registry , 2003, Annals of plastic surgery.

[8]  G. FitzGerald,et al.  Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: animal and human studies. , 2003, Circulation.

[9]  G. FitzGerald,et al.  Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Injury: Part I: Basic Mechanisms and In Vivo Monitoring of ROS , 2003, Circulation.

[10]  P. Aspenberg,et al.  PMMA particles and pressure—a study of the osteolytic properties of two agents proposed to cause prosthetic loosening , 2003, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[11]  B. Hinz,et al.  Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling , 2002, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[12]  C. Frank,et al.  The cellular matrix: a feature of tensile bearing dense soft connective tissues. , 2002, Histology and histopathology.

[13]  C. McCulloch,et al.  Intercellular mechanotransduction: cellular circuits that coordinate tissue responses to mechanical loading. , 2001, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[14]  J. Frangos,et al.  Mechanism of temporal gradients in shear-induced ERK1/2 activation and proliferation in endothelial cells. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[15]  Benjamin Geiger,et al.  Focal Contacts as Mechanosensors Externally Applied Local Mechanical Force Induces Growth of Focal Contacts by an Mdia1-Dependent and Rock-Independent Mechanism , 2001 .

[16]  K Gotfredsen,et al.  Anchorage of titanium implants with different surface characteristics: an experimental study in rabbits. , 2000, Clinical implant dentistry and related research.

[17]  J. Frangos,et al.  Temporal gradient in shear-induced signaling pathway: involvement of MAP kinase, c-fos, and connexin43. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[18]  K. Fujiwara,et al.  Lateral zone of cell-cell adhesion as the major fluid shear stress-related signal transduction site. , 2000, Circulation research.

[19]  J. Brash.  Exploiting the current paradigm of blood–material interactions for the rational design of blood-compatible materials , 2000, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[20]  M. Bissell,et al.  Cell-to-cell contact and extracellular matrix: Integration of form and function: the central role of adhesion molecules , 1999 .

[21]  N Danielsen,et al.  Reactive capsule formation around soft-tissue implants is related to cell necrosis. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[22]  J W Eaton,et al.  Natural Responses to Unnatural Materials: A Molecular Mechanism for Foreign Body Reactions , 1999, Molecular medicine.

[23]  D. F. Williams,et al.  The Williams dictionary of biomaterials , 1999 .

[24]  M. Gimbrone,et al.  Vascular endothelium, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis. , 1999, The American journal of pathology.

[25]  Johannes Boonstra,et al.  Growth factor‐induced signal transduction in adherent mammalian cells is sensitive to gravity , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[26]  J A Frangos,et al.  Temporal gradient in shear but not steady shear stress induces PDGF-A and MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells: role of NO, NF kappa B, and egr-1. , 1999, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[27]  L. Bjursten,et al.  Analysis of the inflammatory response to titanium and PTFE implants in soft tissue by macrophage phenotype quantification , 1998, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[28]  J. Loscalzo,et al.  Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. , 1998, Blood.

[29]  D E Ingber,et al.  Cellular control lies in the balance of forces. , 1998, Current opinion in cell biology.

[30]  Claus Mattheck,et al.  Design in Nature: Learning from Trees , 1998 .

[31]  B Mjöberg,et al.  The theory of early loosening of hip prostheses. , 1997, Orthopedics.

[32]  S. Chien,et al.  Role of integrins in cellular responses to mechanical stress and adhesion. , 1997, Current opinion in cell biology.

[33]  B. Berk,et al.  Mechanotransduction in endothelial cells: temporal signaling events in response to shear stress. , 1997, Journal of vascular research.

[34]  K. Søballe,et al.  The current status of hydroxyapatite coating of prostheses. , 1996, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[35]  J. Jansen,et al.  Tissue reaction to Dacron velour and titanium fibre mesh used for anchorage of percutaneous devices. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[36]  B L Langille,et al.  Cellular and molecular biology of vascular remodeling , 1996, Current opinion in lipidology.

[37]  R. Drake,et al.  Pillared-surface microstructure and soft-tissue implants: effect of implant site and fixation. , 1996, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[38]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface-modified titanium implants: studies on the early tissue response to machined and electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[39]  B. Gumbiner,et al.  Cell Adhesion: The Molecular Basis of Tissue Architecture and Morphogenesis , 1996, Cell.

[40]  R. C. Johnson,et al.  Neovascularization of synthetic membranes directed by membrane microarchitecture. , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[41]  A. Banes,et al.  PDGF-BB, IGF-I and mechanical load stimulate DNA synthesis in avian tendon fibroblasts in vitro. , 1995, Journal of biomechanics.

[42]  P. Davies,et al.  Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. , 1995, Physiological reviews.

[43]  R. Huiskes,et al.  Proposal for the regulatory mechanism of Wolff's law , 1995, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[44]  G. Randolph,et al.  Chemokines and tissue injury. , 1995, The American journal of pathology.

[45]  B D Boyan,et al.  Effect of titanium surface roughness on proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63). , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[46]  S. Bernard,et al.  Histologic Comparison of Breast Implant Shells with Smooth, Foam, and Pillar Microstructuring in a Rat Model from 1 Day to 6 Months , 1995, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[47]  R. Bizios,et al.  Morphological and proliferative responses of endothelial cells to hydrostatic pressure: Role of fibroblast growth factor , 1993, Journal of cellular physiology.

[48]  S. Haskill,et al.  Signal transduction from the extracellular matrix , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[49]  D. Munz,et al.  Stress Singularities at the Interface in Bonded Dissimilar Materials Under Mechanical and Thermal Loading , 1992 .

[50]  L. Hakelius,et al.  A clinical comparison of the tendency to capsular contracture between smooth and textured gel-filled silicone mammary implants. , 1992, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[51]  M. Takeichi,et al.  Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator. , 1991, Science.

[52]  D. Brunette,et al.  A light and electron microscopic study of the effects of surface topography on the behavior of cells attached to titanium-coated percutaneous implants. , 1991, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[53]  P. Thomsen,et al.  14. Inflammatory Cell Response to Bone Implant Surfaces , 1991 .

[54]  D. Brunette,et al.  Titanium-coated micromachined grooves of different dimensions affect epithelial and connective-tissue cells differently in vivo. , 1990, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[55]  E. Rodriguez-Boulan,et al.  Morphogenesis of the polarized epithelial cell phenotype. , 1989, Science.

[56]  D. Williams,et al.  Albumin adsorption on metal surfaces. , 1988, Biomaterials.

[57]  L M Wakefield,et al.  Distribution and modulation of the cellular receptor for transforming growth factor-beta , 1987, The Journal of cell biology.

[58]  C. Behling,et al.  Quantitative characterization of cells at the interface of long-term implants of selected polymers. , 1986, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[59]  B. Folkow.  Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. , 1982, Physiological reviews.

[60]  L. P. Yasenchak,et al.  Tissue response to implanted polymers: the significance of sample shape. , 1976, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[61]  J. Andrade.  Interfacial phenomena and biomaterials. , 1973, Medical instrumentation.

[62]  V. Mooney,et al.  Kinetics of bone growth into cylindrical channels in aluminum oxide and titanium. , 1972, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[63]  A. Wyllie,et al.  Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics , 1972, British Journal of Cancer.

[64]  S. Levenson,et al.  The Healing of Rat Skin Wounds , 1965, Annals of surgery.

[65]  I. B. Borel Rinkes,et al.  Surgery and angiogenesis. , 2004, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[66]  J. Frangos,et al.  Steady and Unsteady Fluid Shear Control of Atherosclerosis , 2003 .

[67]  D. Ingber.  The architecture of life. , 1998, Scientific American.

[68]  J. Lausmaa,et al.  Adhesion and activation of platelets and polymorphonuclear granulocyte cells at TiO2 surfaces. , 1997, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[69]  M. Rothkegel,et al.  The molecular architecture of focal adhesions. , 1995, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[70]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Integrins: emerging paradigms of signal transduction. , 1995, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[71]  J. Kerr,et al.  Anatomical methods in cell death. , 1995, Methods in cell biology.

[72]  C. Debru.  A particular form of chemotaxis: necrotaxis. An historical view. , 1993, Blood cells.

[73]  R. Nerem,et al.  Endothelial cell signaling and cytoskeletal changes in response to shear stress. , 1993, Frontiers of medical and biological engineering : the international journal of the Japan Society of Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering.

[74]  P. Christel,et al.  A histomorphometric comparison of the muscular tissue reaction to stainless steel, pure titanium and titanium alloy implant materials , 1991 .

[75]  A. Wyllie,et al.  Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. , 1991, International review of experimental pathology.

[76]  C. Turner,et al.  Focal adhesions: transmembrane junctions between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. , 1988, Annual review of cell biology.

[77]  N. Ziats,et al.  In vitro and in vivo interactions of cells with biomaterials. , 1988, Biomaterials.

[78]  J. D. Henderson,et al.  Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits. , 1987, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[79]  B. Ratner,et al.  Biomaterial surfaces. , 1987, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[80]  H. Hansson,et al.  Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. , 1981, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.