Key Ideas and Main Milestones of Research and Development of Microwave Generators With Virtual Cathode in RFNC-VNIIEF

This article presents a historical review of key ideas and main milestones of the research and development of microwave generators with a virtual cathode in the Russian Federal Nuclear Center—All-Russia Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF). This article considers a 160-MW efficient pinch vircator, a multielement antenna array producing ~2 GW, which consists of 14 pinch vircators, a 520-MW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band vircator, and a 4.8-GW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band hybrid vircator “vircator + traveling-wave tube (TWT)” (both are based on the ironless linear inductive accelerator (LIU), a 100-MW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band reflex triode with the artificial internal transverse electromagnetic (TEM)-feedback, and a long-pulse (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) 220-MW <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band vircator with a plasma anode. All these devices have unique parameters.

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