Phenol-Explorer 2.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database integrating data on polyphenol metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans and experimental animals

Phenol-Explorer, launched in 2009, is the only comprehensive web-based database on the content in foods of polyphenols, a major class of food bioactives that receive considerable attention due to their role in the prevention of diseases. Polyphenols are rarely absorbed and excreted in their ingested forms, but extensively metabolized in the body, and until now, no database has allowed the recall of identities and concentrations of polyphenol metabolites in biofluids after the consumption of polyphenol-rich sources. Knowledge of these metabolites is essential in the planning of experiments whose aim is to elucidate the effects of polyphenols on health. Release 2.0 is the first major update of the database, allowing the rapid retrieval of data on the biotransformations and pharmacokinetics of dietary polyphenols. Data on 375 polyphenol metabolites identified in urine and plasma were collected from 236 peer-reviewed publications on polyphenol metabolism in humans and experimental animals and added to the database by means of an extended relational design. Pharmacokinetic parameters have been collected and can be retrieved in both tabular and graphical form. The web interface has been enhanced and now allows the filtering of information according to various criteria. Phenol-Explorer 2.0, which will be periodically updated, should prove to be an even more useful and capable resource for polyphenol scientists because bioactivities and health effects of polyphenols are dependent on the nature and concentrations of metabolites reaching the target tissues. The Phenol-Explorer database is publicly available and can be found online at http://www.phenol-explorer.eu. Database URL: http://www.phenol-explorer.eu

[1]  David S. Wishart,et al.  Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods , 2010, Database J. Biol. Databases Curation.

[2]  Gary Williamson,et al.  Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  Gerald Rimbach,et al.  Which sources of flavonoids: complex diets or dietary supplements? , 2011, Advances in nutrition.

[4]  Ian Harvey,et al.  Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  Hiroyuki Ogata,et al.  KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes , 1999, Nucleic Acids Res..

[6]  Renate Reimschuessel,et al.  Fish drug analysis—Phish-pharm: A searchable database of pharmacokinetics data in fish , 2005, The AAPS Journal.

[7]  Vanessa Neveu,et al.  Systematic analysis of the content of 502 polyphenols in 452 foods and beverages: an application of the phenol-explorer database. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  Frank Hu,et al.  Coffee Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[9]  LenoreArab,et al.  Green and Black Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke , 2009 .

[10]  David S. Wishart,et al.  DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for ‘Omics’ research on drugs , 2010, Nucleic Acids Res..

[11]  Lee Hooper,et al.  Urinary metabolites as biomarkers of polyphenol intake in humans: a systematic review. , 2010, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  F. Schmidt Meta-Analysis , 2008 .

[13]  Liliana Jiménez,et al.  Dietary Polyphenols and the Prevention of Diseases , 2005, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[14]  David S. Wishart,et al.  HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome , 2008, Nucleic Acids Res..

[15]  Augustin Scalbert,et al.  Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. , 2011, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[16]  Marja-Leena Ovaskainen,et al.  Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in Finnish adults. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[17]  Donna Spiegelman,et al.  Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. , 2004, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[18]  David Elashoff,et al.  Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. , 2009, Stroke.

[19]  Masanori Arita,et al.  Databases on food phytochemicals and their health-promoting effects. , 2011, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[20]  C Poole,et al.  Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[21]  Ilja C W Arts,et al.  Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.