Reliability and Performance Evaluation of QCA Devices With Rotation Cell Defect

As a novel nanotechnology, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) can achieve dense packages due to the extremely small size of quantum dots. However, fabrication defects and fault rates in the nanotechnology are expected to be quite high. In this paper, the behaviors of basic QCA devices in the presence of cell rotation are thoroughly analyzed in order to study their rotation defect tolerances and determine the ranges of allowable rotation angles. Rotation effect of QCA cell is modeled by using modified coherence vector formalism and rotation angle. The performances of five basic QCA devices with rotation cell defect are simulated under various cell sizes. The results show that different QCA devices have different rotation angle tolerances. The inverter is the weakest structure while the straight wire is the most reliable structure if measured by the smallest angle that impacts success rate, and the bigger cell size has a negative effect on allowable rotation angle range. More analysis results show that the diagonal cell and the cell close to the output perform the worst rotation tolerance on the inverter and the interconnect, respectively. Furthermore, the power gain of rotation defect device is discussed and the finding is provided that moderate rotation error can be restored at the location that is three cells away from the defect.

[1]  Michael T. Niemier,et al.  Fault Models and Yield Analysis for QCA-Based PLAs , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications.

[2]  Wolfgang Porod,et al.  Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata: Line and Majority Logic Gate , 1999 .

[3]  W. Porod,et al.  Quantum-dot cellular automata , 1999 .

[4]  Craig S. Lent,et al.  Role of correlation in the operation of quantum-dot cellular automata , 2001 .

[5]  Jieying Jiao,et al.  Building blocks for the molecular expression of quantum cellular automata. Isolation and characterization of a covalently bonded square array of two ferrocenium and two ferrocene complexes. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  C. Lent,et al.  Realization of a Functional Cell for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata , 1997 .

[7]  G. Tóth,et al.  Power gain in a quantum-dot cellular automata latch , 2002 .

[8]  C. Lent,et al.  Molecular quantum-dot cellular automata , 2003, 2003 Third IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2003. IEEE-NANO 2003..

[9]  M. Lieberman,et al.  Thermodynamic behavior of molecular-scale quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) wires and logic devices , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[10]  P. D. Tougaw,et al.  Lines of interacting quantum‐dot cells: A binary wire , 1993 .

[11]  Jing Huang,et al.  Reversible Gates and Testability of One Dimensional Arrays of Molecular QCA , 2008, J. Electron. Test..

[12]  Jing Huang,et al.  Analysis of missing and additional cell defects in sequential quantum-dot cellular automata , 2007, Integr..

[13]  N. Ranganathan,et al.  Reversible Logic-Based Concurrently Testable Latches for Molecular QCA , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[14]  Graham A. Jullien,et al.  Design Tools for an Emerging SoC Technology: Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata , 2006, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[15]  F. Karim,et al.  Characterization of the Displacement Tolerance of QCA Interconnects , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Design and Test of Nano Devices, Circuits and Systems.

[16]  K. Tokunaga.  Signal transmission through molecular quantum-dot cellular automata: a theoretical study on Creutz-Taube complexes for molecular computing. , 2009, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[17]  Wei Wang,et al.  Quantum-dot cellular automata adders , 2003, 2003 Third IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2003. IEEE-NANO 2003..

[18]  C. Lent,et al.  Power gain and dissipation in quantum-dot cellular automata , 2002 .

[19]  Mahfuza Khatun,et al.  Fault tolerance properties in quantum-dot cellular automata devices , 2006 .

[20]  P. D. Tougaw,et al.  A device architecture for computing with quantum dots , 1997, Proc. IEEE.

[21]  Wolfgang Porod,et al.  Quantum cellular automata , 1994 .

[22]  Ramesh Karri,et al.  The Robust QCA Adder Designs Using Composable QCA Building Blocks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[23]  F. Lombardi,et al.  On the evaluation of scaling of QCA devices in the presence of defects at manufacturing , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[24]  Michael T. Niemier,et al.  Molecular QCA design with chemically reasonable constraints , 2008, JETC.

[25]  Xiaohui Zhao,et al.  Design and simulation of sequential circuits in quantum-dot cellular automata: Falling edge-triggered flip-flop and counter study , 2010, Microelectron. J..