Literature survey on nonlinear components and chaotic nonlinear components of block ciphers

In the modern era of secure communication, it is important to create uncertainty in the original data in order to avoid unauthorized entities to extract or manipulate information. From simple methods such as permutations of original data to different mapping algorithms, the security of the ciphers rely on the substitution process. There are many types of components proposed in literature that are evolved by different methodologies and ideas. The prevailing ciphers use substitution boxes (S-boxes) to do this transformation process. In this work, we present a literature review of the design, construction, and analysis of the S-boxes used in block ciphers.The performance of S-boxes depends on the design and algebraic structure used for the construction and is contingent upon its ability to resist against cryptanalysis. We present the details of the S-box synthesis process and issues pertaining to creating resistance against various types of attacks, and highlight the consequences of a particular design methodology.In the infancy of the development of modern block ciphers, Shannon (Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28(4):656–715, 1949) presented the idea of encryption with the implementation of substitution-permutation network (SPN). In this process, the data is initially transformed by the substation process and then permuted that ends the first round supported by the secret key for this step. This substitution-permutation process is repeated several times to ensure reliability of encrypted data. The objective of using the substitution-permutation network is to create confusion between cipher text and secret key, and add diffusion in the plaintext.