The University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory 6.5m telescope: Permafrost hazards and the high-altitude infrastructures

Ice rich permafrost is observed at Chajnantor volcano (5,640m a.s.l.) on the University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory (TAO) site. Presence or absence of the permafrost is considered to be requested quite different engineering skills for their infrastructures. Lower altitude boundary is reported to be above 5,079m a.s.l. and maximum active (thawing) layer is 14cm. Minimal seasonal temperature variation, small active layer thickness as the consequences of low numbers of thawing and freezing degree days. Diurnal amplitude results in freeze-thaw cycles only near the surface. Severe frost shattering occurs near the ground surface, producing a dusty, fine-material horizon called a hyper-cryogenic layer. The importance of the snow-covered season for providing great protection for surface energy penetration. Many permafrost hazards are expecting in this construction site such as frost heaving, subsiding, mass movements, erosion, chemical weathering, frost shattering, embankment instability, and

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