RNA editing in kinetoplastids

RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa is a post-transcriptional process of uridine insertion or deletion in mitochondrial mRNAs. The process involves two RNA species, the pre-edited mRNA and in most cases a trans-acting guide RNA (gRNA). Sequences within gRNAs define the position and extend of mRNA editing. Both mRNAs and gRNAs are encoded by mitochondrial genes in the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), which consists of thousands of small circular DNA molecules, called minicircles, encoding thousands of gRNAs, catenated together and with a few mRNA encoding larger circles, the maxicircles, to form a huge DNA network. Editing has been shown to result in translatable mRNAs of bona fide mitochondrial genes as well as novel alternatively edited transcripts that are involved in the maintenance of the kDNA itself. RNA editing occurs within large protein-RNA complexes, editosomes, containing gRNA, preedited and partially edited mRNAs and also structural and catalytically active proteins. Editosomes are diverse in both RNA and protein composition and undergoe structural remodeling during the maturation. The compositional and structural diversity of editosomes further underscores the complexity of the RNA editing process.

[1]  Z. Zhou,et al.  Structure of the core editing complex (L-complex) involved in uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosomatid mitochondria , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[2]  H. Stark,et al.  Snapshots of the RNA editing machine in trypanosomes captured at different assembly stages in vivo , 2009, The EMBO journal.

[3]  Lan Huang,et al.  Guide RNA-binding complex from mitochondria of trypanosomatids. , 2008, Molecular cell.

[4]  T. Ochsenreiter,et al.  Alternative RNA Editing Produces a Novel Protein Involved in Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance in Trypanosomes , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[5]  K. Stuart,et al.  Structure and function of the native and recombinant mitochondrial MRP1/MRP2 complex from Trypanosoma brucei. , 2008, International journal for parasitology.

[6]  T. Ochsenreiter,et al.  Alternative mRNA Editing in Trypanosomes Is Extensive and May Contribute to Mitochondrial Protein Diversity , 2008, PloS one.

[7]  K. Stuart,et al.  RNA Editing in Trypanosoma brucei Requires Three Different Editosomes , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[8]  T. Ochsenreiter,et al.  KISS: the kinetoplastid RNA editing sequence search tool. , 2006, RNA.

[9]  T. Ochsenreiter,et al.  Alternative editing of cytochrome c oxidase III mRNA in trypanosome mitochondria generates protein diversity , 2006, EMBO reports.

[10]  M. Schumacher,et al.  Crystal Structures of T. brucei MRP1/MRP2 Guide-RNA Binding Complex Reveal RNA Matchmaking Mechanism , 2006, Cell.

[11]  K. Stuart,et al.  Compositionally and functionally distinct editosomes in Trypanosoma brucei. , 2006, RNA.

[12]  G. Cerqueira,et al.  Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondrial maxicircles display species- and strain-specific variation and a conserved element in the non-coding region , 2006, BMC Genomics.

[13]  T. Shikanai,et al.  RNA editing in plant organelles: machinery, physiological function and evolution , 2006, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[14]  Kenneth Stuart,et al.  An essential RNase III insertion editing endonuclease in Trypanosoma brucei. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  Kenneth Stuart,et al.  A deletion site editing endonuclease in Trypanosoma brucei. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[16]  P. T. Englund,et al.  Fellowship of the rings: the replication of kinetoplast DNA. , 2005, Trends in parasitology.

[17]  Achim Schnaufer,et al.  Complex management: RNA editing in trypanosomes. , 2005, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[18]  Larry Simpson,et al.  Reconstitution of uridine-deletion precleaved RNA editing with two recombinant enzymes. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  Henry Mirsky,et al.  RNA editing of a miRNA precursor. , 2004, RNA.

[20]  Reza Salavati,et al.  Separate insertion and deletion subcomplexes of the Trypanosoma brucei RNA editing complex. , 2003, Molecular cell.

[21]  L. Simpson,et al.  Genomic organization of Trypanosoma brucei kinetoplast DNA minicircles. , 2003, Protist.

[22]  Reza Salavati,et al.  TbMP57 is a 3' terminal uridylyl transferase (TUTase) of the Trypanosoma brucei editosome. , 2003, Molecular cell.

[23]  J. Wedekind,et al.  Messenger RNA editing in mammals: new members of the APOBEC family seeking roles in the family business. , 2003, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[24]  A. Schnaufer,et al.  Identification of novel components of Trypanosoma brucei editosomes. , 2003, RNA.

[25]  L. Simpson,et al.  Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria: a complex business. , 2003, RNA.

[26]  Larry Simpson,et al.  Isolation of a U‐insertion/deletion editing complex from Leishmania tarentolae mitochondria , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[27]  Nicholas O. Davidson,et al.  C-to-U RNA Editing: Mechanisms Leading to Genetic Diversity* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[28]  W. Keller,et al.  RNA editing by adenosine deaminases generates RNA and protein diversity. , 2002, Biochimie.

[29]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Editing Machines The Complexities of Trypanosome RNA Editing , 2002, Cell.

[30]  B Sollner-Webb,et al.  Roles for ligases in the RNA editing complex of Trypanosoma brucei: band IV is needed for U‐deletion and RNA repair , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[31]  A. Schnaufer,et al.  An RNA Ligase Essential for RNA Editing and Survival of the Bloodstream Form of Trypanosoma brucei , 2001, Science.

[32]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  Identification of candidate mitochondrial RNA editing ligases from Trypanosoma brucei. , 2001, RNA.

[33]  K. Stuart,et al.  Uridylate Addition and RNA Ligation Contribute to the Specificity of Kinetoplastid Insertion RNA Editing , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[34]  N. Savill,et al.  Evolution of RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  E. Berry,et al.  Translation of the edited mRNA for cytochrome b in trypanosome mitochondria. , 2000, Science.

[36]  P. Myler,et al.  Complexes from Trypanosoma brucei that exhibit deletion editing and other editing-associated properties , 1996, Molecular and cellular biology.

[37]  K. Stuart,et al.  Direct Visualization of Uridylate Deletion In Vitro Suggests a Mechanism for Kinetoplastid RNA Editing , 1996, Cell.

[38]  L N Rusché,et al.  Guide RNA-mRNA chimeras, which are potential RNA editing intermediates, are formed by endonuclease and RNA ligase in a trypanosome mitochondrial extract , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[39]  C. Turner,et al.  Trypanosoma brucei: inheritance of kinetoplast DNA maxicircles in a genetic cross and their segregation during vegetative growth. , 1995, Experimental parasitology.

[40]  K. Stuart,et al.  RNA editing: transfer of genetic information from gRNA to precursor mRNA in vitro. , 1994, Science.

[41]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Developmental regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis inTrypanosoma brucei , 1994, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

[42]  K. Stuart,et al.  Multiple guide RNAs for identical editing of Trypanosoma brucei apocytochrome b mRNA have an unusual minicircle location and are developmentally regulated. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[43]  Augustine E. Souza,et al.  Extensive editing of CR2 maxicircle transcripts of Trypanosoma brucei predicts a protein with homology to a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[44]  P. Myler,et al.  Trypanosoma brucei minicircles encode multiple guide RNAs which can direct editing of extensively overlapping sequences. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[45]  Laura F. Landweber,et al.  RNA editing as a source of genetic variation , 1993, Nature.

[46]  P. Myler,et al.  Structural organization of the maxicircle variable region of Trypanosoma brucei: identification of potential replication origins and topoisomerase II binding sites. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[47]  H. van Steeg,et al.  The nucleotide sequence of the variable region in Trypanosoma brucei completes the sequence analysis of the maxicircle component of mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA. , 1992, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[48]  K. Stuart,et al.  In vitro guide RNA/mRNA chimaera formation in Trypanosoma bruceiRNA editing , 1992, Nature.

[49]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Kinetoplastid RNA editing: In vitro formation of cytochrome b gRNA-mRNA chimeras from synthetic substrate RNAs , 1992, Cell.

[50]  L. Simpson,et al.  Chimeric gRNA-mRNA molecules with oligo(U) tails covalently linked at sites of RNA editing suggest that U addition occurs by transesterification , 1991, Cell.

[51]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Organization of minicircle genes for guide RNAs in trypanosoma brucei , 1990, Cell.

[52]  K. Stuart,et al.  The MURF3 gene of T. brucei contains multiple domains of extensive editing and is homologous to a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase , 1990, Cell.

[53]  L. Simpson,et al.  Guide RNAs in kinetoplastid mitochondria have a nonencoded 3′ oligo(U) tail involved in recognition of the preedited region , 1990, Cell.

[54]  B. Sollner-Webb,et al.  RNA editing involves indiscriminate U changes throughout precisely defined editing domains , 1990, Cell.

[55]  Larry Simpson,et al.  A model for RNA editing in kinetoplastid mitochondria: RNA molecules transcribed from maxicircle DNA provide the edited information , 1990, Cell.

[56]  W. Gibson.  Analysis of a genetic cross between Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. brucei , 1989, Parasitology.

[57]  K. Stuart,et al.  Characterization of cytochrome c oxidase III transcripts that are edited only in the 3′ region , 1988, Cell.

[58]  Kenneth Stuart,et al.  Extensive editing of the cytochrome c oxidase III transcript in Trypanosoma brucei , 1988, Cell.

[59]  M. Turner,et al.  Identification of an acid-lipase in human serum which is capable of solubilizing glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. , 1988, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[60]  J. Boothroyd,et al.  Evidence for Trans splicing in trypanosomes , 1986, Cell.

[61]  R. Benne,et al.  Major transcript of the frameshifted coxll gene from trypanosome mitochondria contains four nucleotides that are not encoded in the DNA , 1986, Cell.

[62]  K. Stuart,et al.  Identification of mitochondrial genes in Trypanosoma brucei and homology to cytochrome c oxidase II in two different reading frames. , 1985, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[63]  L. Tetley,et al.  Kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense. , 1985, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[64]  L. Simpson,et al.  Autonomous replication sequences in the maxicircle kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae. , 1984, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[65]  L. Hensgens,et al.  The sequence of the gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, a frameshift containing gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit II and seven unassigned reading frames in Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial maxi-circle DNA. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[66]  G. Cross,et al.  Myristylation of the membrane form of a Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. , 1984, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[67]  S. Hajduk,et al.  Replication of kinetoplast DNA maxicircles , 1984, Cell.

[68]  R. Benne,et al.  The nucleotide sequence of a segment of Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial maxi-circle DNA that contains the gene for apocytochrome b and some unusual unassigned reading frames. , 1983, Nucleic acids research.

[69]  Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers,et al.  The major transcripts of the kinetoplast DNA of Trypanosoma brucei are very small ribosomal RNAs , 1983, Nucleic Acids Res..

[70]  P. Borst,et al.  Analysis by electron microscopy of the variable segment in the maxi-circle of kinetoplast DNA from Trypanosoma brucei. , 1982, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[71]  G. Cross,et al.  Molecular basis for trypanosome antigenic variation , 1982, Cell.

[72]  A. Frasch,et al.  Variations in maxi-circle and mini-circle sequences in kinetoplast DNAs from different Trypanosoma brucei strains. , 1980, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[73]  P. Borst,et al.  The structure of kinetoplast DNA. 2. Characterization of a novel component of high complexity present in the kinetoplast DNA network of Crithidia luciliae. , 1976, European journal of biochemistry.

[74]  M. Steinert,et al.  Large circular mitochondrial DNA in Crithidia luciliae. , 1975, Experimental cell research.

[75]  Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease BioMed Central Focus , 2006 .

[76]  L. Simpson,et al.  A 100-kD complex of two RNA-binding proteins from mitochondria of Leishmania tarentolae catalyzes RNA annealing and interacts with several RNA editing components. , 2003, RNA.

[77]  R. Emeson,et al.  Functions and mechanisms of RNA editing. , 2000, Annual review of genetics.

[78]  W. Gibson,et al.  Kinetoplast DNA minicircles are inherited from both parents in genetic crosses of Trypanosoma brucei , 1997, Parasitology Research.

[79]  T. Shapiro,et al.  The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA. , 1995, Annual review of microbiology.

[80]  E. Delain,et al.  Electron microscopy of the circular kinetoplastic DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi: occurrence of catenated forms. , 1969, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.