Fog computing: A taxonomy, systematic review, current trends and research challenges

Abstract There has been rapid development in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected nodes and devices in our daily life in recent times. With this increase in the number of devices, fog computing has become a well-established paradigm to optimize various key Quality of Service (QoS) requirements such as latency, bandwidth limitation, response time, scalability, privacy and security. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review of fog computing. This review article aims to classify recently published studies and investigate the current status in the area of fog computing. In this work, we have discussed the important characteristics of fog computing frameworks and identified various issues related to its architectural design, QoS metrics, implementation details, applications and communication modes. We have proposed taxonomy for fog computing frameworks based on the existing literature and compared the different research work based on taxonomy. Finally, various open research challenges and promising future directions are highlighted for further research in the area of fog computing.

[1]  Rami Bahsoon,et al.  BioSec: A Biometric Authentication Framework for Secure and Private Communication Among Edge Devices in IoT and Industry 4.0 , 2022, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine.

[2]  András Márkus,et al.  A survey and taxonomy of simulation environments modelling fog computing , 2020, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[3]  Jason P. Jue,et al.  All One Needs to Know about Fog Computing and Related Edge Computing Paradigms , 2019 .

[4]  Sudip Misra,et al.  Assessment of the Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing.

[5]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  CloudSimSDN‐NFV: Modeling and simulation of network function virtualization and service function chaining in edge computing environments , 2019, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[6]  Pietro Manzoni,et al.  Evolutionary gaming approach for decision making of Tier‐3 Internet service provider networks migration to SoDIP6 networks , 2020, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[7]  Ram Mohana Reddy Guddeti,et al.  Resource Provisioning Framework for IoT Applications in Fog Computing Environment , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS).

[8]  Marthony Taguinod,et al.  Policy-driven security management for fog computing: Preliminary framework and a case study , 2014, Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 15th International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IEEE IRI 2014).

[9]  Suparna Biswas.  Fog and Cloud Computing based Smart Healthcare: A Framework , 2018 .

[10]  Francesco Chiti,et al.  An Integrated Framework for Fog Communications and Computing in Internet of Vehicles , 2018, OMNeT++.

[11]  Mohammad Reza Khosravi,et al.  Intelligent workload allocation in IoT-Fog-cloud architecture towards mobile edge computing , 2021, Comput. Commun..

[12]  Thomas A. Corbi,et al.  The dawning of the autonomic computing era , 2003, IBM Syst. J..

[13]  Jiong Jin,et al.  Virtual Fog: A Virtualization Enabled Fog Computing Framework for Internet of Things , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[14]  Albert Y. Zomaya,et al.  IoTSim‐Edge: A simulation framework for modeling the behavior of Internet of Things and edge computing environments , 2020, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[15]  Han-Chieh Chao,et al.  A Green and Secure IoT Framework for Intelligent Buildings based on Fog Computing , 2018 .

[16]  Ping-Tsan Ho,et al.  Fog Computing Based Hybrid Deep Learning Framework in effective inspection system for smart manufacturing , 2020, Comput. Commun..

[17]  Amir Masoud Rahmani,et al.  Fog Computing Applications in Smart Cities: A Systematic Survey , 2019, Wireless Networks.

[18]  Tian Xia,et al.  A Fog Computing Framework for Cognitive Portable Ground Penetrating Radars , 2019, ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[19]  Reinout Eyckerman,et al.  Distributed Uniform Streaming Framework: An Elastic Fog Computing Platform for Event Stream Processing and Platform Transparency , 2019, Future Internet.

[20]  James Won-Ki Hong,et al.  Towards a distributed computing framework for Fog , 2017, 2017 IEEE Fog World Congress (FWC).

[21]  Sandeep K. Sood,et al.  Energy efficient IoT-Fog based architectural paradigm for prevention of Dengue fever infection , 2021, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[22]  K. Jayashree,et al.  Fog Computing Qos Review and Open Challenges , 2018 .

[23]  Seng Wai Loke,et al.  Opportunistic Fog for IoT: Challenges and Opportunities , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[24]  Mainak Adhikari,et al.  DPTO: A Deadline and Priority-Aware Task Offloading in Fog Computing Framework Leveraging Multilevel Feedback Queueing , 2020, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[25]  Wei Ni,et al.  5G next generation VANETs using SDN and fog computing framework , 2018, 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[26]  Guojun Wang,et al.  SDN based communications privacy-preserving architecture for VANETs using fog computing , 2020, Veh. Commun..

[27]  Gregoris Mentzas,et al.  PrEstoCloud: A Novel Framework for Data-Intensive Multi-Cloud, Fog, and Edge Function-as-a-Service Applications , 2021, Inf. Resour. Manag. J..

[28]  Anjan Bandyopadhyay,et al.  A Novel Matching Framework For One-Sided Markets In Fog Computing , 2020 .

[29]  Alexey L. Lastovetsky,et al.  A Survey of Communication Performance Models for High-Performance Computing , 2019, ACM Comput. Surv..

[30]  Sandeep K. Sood,et al.  A Fog-Based Healthcare Framework for Chikungunya , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[31]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Fog-Based Smart Healthcare as a Big Data and Cloud Service for Heart Patients Using IoT , 2018, International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things (ICICI) 2018.

[32]  Sungyoung Lee,et al.  Health Fog: a novel framework for health and wellness applications , 2016, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[33]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  Next generation technologies for smart healthcare: challenges, vision, model, trends and future directions , 2020, Internet Technol. Lett..

[34]  Vivek Kumar Sehgal,et al.  Smart Human Security Framework Using Internet of Things, Cloud and Fog Computing , 2014, ISI.

[35]  Xiaojing Wang,et al.  A searchable personal health records framework with fine-grained access control in cloud-fog computing , 2018, PloS one.

[36]  Alan Davy,et al.  SmartHerd management: A microservices‐based fog computing–assisted IoT platform towards data‐driven smart dairy farming , 2019, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[37]  Dominic Lindsay,et al.  The evolution of distributed computing systems: from fundamental to new frontiers , 2021, Computing.

[38]  Abdulrahman Alamer,et al.  An efficient truthfulness privacy-preserving tendering framework for vehicular fog computing , 2020, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[39]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  iThermoFog: IoT‐Fog based automatic thermal profile creation for cloud data centers using artificial intelligence techniques , 2020, Internet Technol. Lett..

[40]  Flavio Esposito,et al.  Battle of Microservices: Towards Latency-Optimal Heuristic Scheduling for Edge Computing , 2019, 2019 IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft).

[41]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments , 2016, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[42]  Azzedine Boukerche,et al.  AI-Enabled Reliable Channel Modeling Architecture for Fog Computing Vehicular Networks , 2020, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[43]  Amit Baneriee,et al.  Centralized Framework for Workload Distribution in Fog Computing , 2018, 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT).

[44]  H. T. Kung,et al.  Distributed Deep Neural Networks Over the Cloud, the Edge and End Devices , 2017, 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS).

[45]  Feng Wang,et al.  MiFo: A novel edge network integration framework for fog computing , 2019, Peer Peer Netw. Appl..

[46]  Ruhul Amin,et al.  An overview of cloud‐fog computing: Architectures, applications with security challenges , 2019, Security and Privacy.

[47]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  A blockchain-based fog computing framework for activity recognition as an application to e-Healthcare services , 2019, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[48]  Yu Wang,et al.  A Privacy-Preserving Framework for Collaborative Intrusion Detection Networks Through Fog Computing , 2017, CSS.

[49]  Matthias Renz,et al.  Web and Big Data , 2017, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[50]  Thar Baker,et al.  Fog Computing Framework for Internet of Things Applications , 2018, 2018 11th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE).

[51]  Yi Mu,et al.  A Privacy-Preserving Fog Computing Framework for Vehicular Crowdsensing Networks , 2018, IEEE Access.

[52]  Jianxun Eileen Yang,et al.  A framework for Fog-assisted healthcare monitoring , 2019, Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst..

[53]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  CloudSim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning algorithms , 2011, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[54]  Zhiguo Ding,et al.  A Survey of Multi-Access Edge Computing in 5G and Beyond: Fundamentals, Technology Integration, and State-of-the-Art , 2019, IEEE Access.

[55]  Dzmitry Kliazovich,et al.  Sociability-Driven Framework for Data Acquisition in Mobile Crowdsensing Over Fog Computing Platforms for Smart Cities , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing.

[56]  Sanjay Misra,et al.  Transformative effects of IoT, Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence on cloud computing: Evolution, vision, trends and open challenges , 2019, Internet Things.

[57]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Computational Intelligence Based QoS-Aware Web Service Composition: A Systematic Literature Review , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing.

[58]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  IoT and Fog-Computing-Based Predictive Maintenance Model for Effective Asset Management in Industry 4.0 Using Machine Learning , 2021, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[59]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Fog Computing: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions , 2016, Internet of Everything.

[60]  Pearl Brereton,et al.  Lessons from applying the systematic literature review process within the software engineering domain , 2007, J. Syst. Softw..

[61]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions , 2020, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[62]  Vlado Stankovski,et al.  Building applications for smart and safe construction with the DECENTER Fog Computing and Brokerage Platform , 2021 .

[63]  Hemraj Saini,et al.  A trust computed framework for IoT devices and fog computing environment , 2019, Wirel. Networks.

[64]  Walid Saad,et al.  An online secretary framework for fog network formation with minimal latency , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[65]  Harishchandra Dubey,et al.  Smart fog: Fog computing framework for unsupervised clustering analytics in wearable Internet of Things , 2017, 2017 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP).

[66]  Asad Waqar Malik,et al.  Multi-Level Resource Sharing Framework Using Collaborative Fog Environment for Smart Cities , 2021, IEEE Access.

[67]  Md. Redowan Mahmud,et al.  Application Management in Fog Computing Environments: A Taxonomy, Review and Future Directions , 2020, ArXiv.

[68]  Abdullah Gani,et al.  Social Internet of Vehicles: Complexity, Adaptivity, Issues and Beyond , 2018, IEEE Access.

[69]  V. Natarajan,et al.  FIoT: A QoS-Aware Fog-IoT Framework to Minimize Latency in IoT Applications via Fog Offloading , 2020, FICTA.

[71]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  TRACTOR: Traffic‐aware and power‐efficient virtual machine placement in edge‐cloud data centers using artificial bee colony optimization , 2021, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[72]  Frank Eliassen,et al.  Deep Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Migration of Fog Services in Smart Cities , 2020, ICA3PP.

[73]  Mohammad Ahsan Chishti,et al.  Survey of applications, challenges and opportunities in fog computing , 2019, Int. J. Pervasive Comput. Commun..

[74]  F. Richard Yu,et al.  Fog Vehicular Computing: Augmentation of Fog Computing Using Vehicular Cloud Computing , 2017, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[75]  Jagdeep Singh,et al.  A Sustainable Resource Allocation Techniques for Fog Computing , 2021 .

[76]  Mohamed Mohamed,et al.  Foggy: A Framework for Continuous Automated IoT Application Deployment in Fog Computing , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on AI & Mobile Services (AIMS).

[77]  A. Pravin,et al.  An intelligent and secure healthcare framework for the prediction and prevention of Dengue virus outbreak using fog computing , 2020, Health and Technology.

[78]  Ali Vatankhah Barenji,et al.  Toward blockchain and fog computing collaborative design and manufacturing platform: Support customer view , 2021, Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf..

[79]  Tie Qiu,et al.  Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[80]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  ROUTER: Fog enabled cloud based intelligent resource management approach for smart home IoT devices , 2019, J. Syst. Softw..

[81]  Adel Nadjaran Toosi,et al.  Performance evaluation metrics for cloud, fog and edge computing: A review, taxonomy, benchmarks and standards for future research , 2020, Internet Things.

[82]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Failure Management for Reliable Cloud Computing: A Taxonomy, Model, and Future Directions , 2020, Computing in Science & Engineering.

[83]  Md Whaiduzzaman,et al.  A Privacy-Preserving Mobile and Fog Computing Framework to Trace and Prevent COVID-19 Community Transmission , 2020, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[84]  Yen-Kuang Chen,et al.  A framework for visual fog computing , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[85]  Alessandro Di Stefano,et al.  A Fog Computing-based IoT Framework for Precision Agriculture , 2018 .

[86]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Metaheuristics for scheduling of heterogeneous tasks in cloud computing environments: Analysis, performance evaluation, and future directions , 2021, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[87]  Asad Waqar Malik,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of Distributed Fog Environment Using FogNetSim ++ , 2020 .

[88]  Ben Soh,et al.  Deployment of Fog Computing During Hajj Season: A Proposed Framework , 2019, Procedia Computer Science.

[89]  Gürkan Solmaz,et al.  FogFlow: Easy Programming of IoT Services Over Cloud and Edges for Smart Cities , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[90]  Tomi Westerlund,et al.  Edge and Fog Computing Enabled AI for IoT-An Overview , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS).

[91]  Taehong Kim,et al.  Dynamic fog-to-fog offloading in SDN-based fog computing systems , 2021, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[92]  Xi Wang,et al.  FOGPLAN: A Lightweight QoS-Aware Dynamic Fog Service Provisioning Framework , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[93]  Sandeep K. Sood.  SNA based QoS and reliability in fog and cloud framework , 2018, World Wide Web.

[94]  Ripudaman Singh.  Re-envisioning Remote Sensing Applications , 2021 .

[95]  Yogesh L. Simmhan,et al.  Characterizing application scheduling on edge, fog, and cloud computing resources , 2019, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[96]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  FogBus2: a lightweight and distributed container-based framework for integration of IoT-enabled systems with edge and cloud computing , 2021, BiDEDE@SIGMOD.

[97]  Jagdeep Singh,et al.  Software-based Prediction of Liver Disease with Feature Selection and Classification Techniques , 2020 .

[98]  Alberto Leon-Garcia,et al.  Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Architectural Survey , 2020, IEEE Access.

[99]  Fan Wu,et al.  A New Vehicular Fog Computing Architecture for Cooperative Sensing of Autonomous Driving , 2020, IEEE Access.

[100]  Ke Gu,et al.  Secure Data Query Framework for Cloud and Fog Computing , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.

[101]  Muthucumaru Maheswaran,et al.  A Fog Computing Framework for Autonomous Driving Assist: Architecture, Experiments, and Challenges , 2019, CASCON.

[102]  Rabindra K. Barik,et al.  Fog‐SDN: A light mitigation scheme for DDoS attack in fog computing framework , 2020, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[103]  Yu Xiao,et al.  Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review , 2017 .

[104]  Harishchandra Dubey,et al.  GeoFog4Health: a fog-based SDI framework for geospatial health big data analysis , 2019, J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput..

[105]  Fan Yang,et al.  Data Gathering Framework Based on Fog Computing Paradigm in VANETs , 2017, APWeb/WAIM Workshops.

[106]  Shangguang Wang,et al.  Fog Computing: An Overview of Big IoT Data Analytics , 2018, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[107]  Suat Ozdemir,et al.  Routing in Fog-Enabled IoT Platforms: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[108]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  bioMCS: A Bio-inspired Collaborative Data Transfer Framework over Fog Computing Platforms in Mobile Crowdsensing , 2020, ICDCN.

[109]  Guillermo Rodriguez-Navas,et al.  Dependable Fog Computing: A Systematic Literature Review , 2019, 2019 45th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA).

[110]  Zhu Han,et al.  A Hierarchical Game Framework for Resource Management in Fog Computing , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[111]  Shahid Mumtaz,et al.  A Low-Latency and Massive-Connectivity Vehicular Fog Computing Framework for 5G , 2018, 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[112]  Ioannis Chatzigiannakis,et al.  A Fog Computing-Oriented, Highly Scalable IoT Framework for Monitoring Public Educational Buildings , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[113]  Ching-Hsien Hsu,et al.  A Creative IoT agriculture platform for cloud fog computing , 2020, Sustain. Comput. Informatics Syst..

[114]  Jun Liang,et al.  Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Multi-Scale Graph Convolution Networks , 2020, IEEE Access.

[115]  Blesson Varghese,et al.  IoTPulse: machine learning-based enterprise health information system to predict alcohol addiction in Punjab (India) using IoT and fog computing , 2020, Enterp. Inf. Syst..

[116]  Antoine B. Bagula,et al.  A framework for healthcare support in the rural and low income areas of the developing world , 2018, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[117]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  FogBus: A Blockchain-based Lightweight Framework for Edge and Fog Computing , 2018, J. Syst. Softw..

[118]  Dazhong Wu,et al.  A fog computing-based framework for process monitoring and prognosis in cyber-manufacturing , 2017 .

[119]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  DeepBus: Machine learning based real time pothole detection system for smart transportation using IoT , 2020, Internet Technol. Lett..

[120]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  E2R‐F2N: Energy‐efficient retailing using a femtolet‐based fog network , 2019, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[121]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Quality of Experience (QoE)-aware placement of applications in Fog computing environments , 2019, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[122]  Nima Jafari Navimipour,et al.  Comprehensive and systematic review of the service composition mechanisms in the cloud environments , 2017, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[123]  Amir Masoud Rahmani,et al.  Internet of Things applications: A systematic review , 2019, Comput. Networks.

[124]  Jie Wu,et al.  Towards cost-efficient resource provisioning with multiple mobile users in fog computing , 2020, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[125]  Oshin Sharma,et al.  Large-Scale Data Streaming in Fog Computing and Its Applications , 2021 .

[126]  Tanweer Alam,et al.  IoT-Fog: A Communication Framework using Blockchain in the Internet of Things , 2019, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[127]  Walter Akio Goya,et al.  Towards Bandwidth Optimization in Fog Computing using FACE Framework , 2017, CLOSER.

[128]  Sudeep Tanwar,et al.  Fog Computing Architectures and Frameworks for Healthcare 4.0 , 2020 .

[129]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  Latency-Aware Application Module Management for Fog Computing Environments , 2018, ACM Trans. Internet Techn..

[130]  Sandip Roy,et al.  A Fog-Based DSS Model for Driving Rule Violation Monitoring Framework on the Internet of Things , 2015 .

[131]  Jonathan E. Fieldsend,et al.  A Framework of Fog Computing: Architecture, Challenges, and Optimization , 2017, IEEE Access.

[132]  Amir Masoud Rahmani,et al.  Fog-based architecture for scheduling multiple workflows with high availability requirement , 2021, Computing.

[133]  Reza Ghaemi,et al.  A new energy-aware tasks scheduling approach in fog computing using hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm , 2020, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[134]  Rajiv Ranjan,et al.  SAFE: SDN-Assisted Framework for Edge–Cloud Interplay in Secure Healthcare Ecosystem , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[135]  J. Crowcroft,et al.  Edge Intelligence: Architectures, Challenges, and Applications , 2020 .

[136]  Reza Ghaemi,et al.  aTask scheduling approaches in fog computing: A survey , 2020, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol..

[137]  Bahram Moshfegh,et al.  Integration of Measurements and Time Diaries as Complementary Measures to Improve Resolution of BES , 2019 .

[138]  Francesco Chiti,et al.  A Matching Theory Framework for Tasks Offloading in Fog Computing for IoT Systems , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[139]  Mostafa Ghobaei-Arani,et al.  Resource provisioning for IoT services in the fog computing environment: An autonomic approach , 2020, Comput. Commun..

[140]  Ghalem Belalem,et al.  Fog computing framework for location-based energy management in smart buildings , 2019, Multiagent Grid Syst..

[141]  Sami Tabbane,et al.  IoT/cloud‐enabled smart services: A review on QoS requirements in fog environment and a proposed approach based on priority classification technique , 2019, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[142]  Asad Waqar Malik,et al.  Leveraging Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Farming Using Distributed Simulation , 2020, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[143]  Christoph Hochreiner,et al.  Towards a Framework for Data Stream Processing in the Fog , 2019, Informatik Spektrum.

[144]  Vijay K. Bhargava,et al.  A Market-Based Framework for Multi-Resource Allocation in Fog Computing , 2018, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[145]  Tao Zhang,et al.  Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[146]  Atul Negi,et al.  A Smart Home Assistive Living Framework Using Fog Computing for Audio and Lighting Stimulation , 2019 .

[147]  Alireza Jolfaei,et al.  Real-time monitoring and operation of microgrid using distributed cloud-fog architecture , 2020, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[148]  Monika Mangla,et al.  A Secure Fog Computing Architecture for Continuous Health Monitoring , 2020 .

[149]  Depeng Jin,et al.  Vehicular Fog Computing: A Viewpoint of Vehicles as the Infrastructures , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[150]  Krishnamurthy Vidyasankar,et al.  A Fog Computing Framework for Blackberry Supply Chain Management , 2017, EUSPN/ICTH.

[151]  W. Guan,et al.  Genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating odd-numbered chain saturated fatty acids: Results from the CHARGE Consortium , 2018, PloS one.

[152]  Anil Kumar Verma,et al.  A context sensitive security framework for Enterprise multimedia placement in fog computing environment , 2020, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[153]  Evangelos N. Gazis,et al.  Components of fog computing in an industrial internet of things context , 2015, 2015 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking - Workshops (SECON Workshops).

[154]  Sowjanya V.K.  Security Framework for Sharing Data in Fog Computing , 2017 .

[155]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Software Defined Machine-to-Machine Communication for Smart Energy Management , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[156]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  HealthFog: An Ensemble Deep Learning based Smart Healthcare System for Automatic Diagnosis of Heart Diseases in Integrated IoT and Fog Computing Environments , 2019, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[157]  Prem Prakash Jayaraman,et al.  Fog Computing: Survey of Trends, Architectures, Requirements, and Research Directions , 2018, IEEE Access.

[158]  Thar Baker,et al.  COMITMENT: A Fog Computing Trust Management Approach , 2020, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[159]  Rongxing Lu,et al.  From Cloud to Fog Computing: A Review and a Conceptual Live VM Migration Framework , 2017, IEEE Access.

[160]  Adel Nadjaran Toosi,et al.  ThermoSim: Deep Learning based Framework for Modeling and Simulation of Thermal-aware Resource Management for Cloud Computing Environments , 2020, J. Syst. Softw..

[161]  Antonio Brogi,et al.  How to place your apps in the fog: State of the art and open challenges , 2019, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[162]  Sukhpal Singh Gill,et al.  Quantum and blockchain based Serverless edge computing: A vision, model, new trends and future directions , 2021, Internet Technol. Lett..

[163]  Subhasri Duttagupta,et al.  SDN/NFV security framework for fog‐to‐things computing infrastructure , 2020, Softw. Pract. Exp..

[164]  Roch H. Glitho,et al.  A Comprehensive Survey on Fog Computing: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[165]  Lei Shu,et al.  Survey of Fog Computing: Fundamental, Network Applications, and Research Challenges , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[166]  Philippe Robert,et al.  Analysis of an Offloading Scheme for Data Centers in the Framework of Fog Computing , 2015, ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Evaluation Comput. Syst..

[167]  Hutaf Natoureah,et al.  Fog Computing Framework for Smart City Design , 2020, Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol..

[168]  Rong Yu,et al.  Exploring Mobile Edge Computing for 5G-Enabled Software Defined Vehicular Networks , 2017, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[169]  Barbara A. Kitchenham,et al.  Systematic review in software engineering: where we are and where we should be going , 2012, EAST '12.

[170]  Debasis Das,et al.  CFSec: Password based secure communication protocol in cloud-fog environment , 2020, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[171]  Ricardo Colomo Palacios,et al.  A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF FOG COMPUTING , 2016 .

[172]  Ke Gu,et al.  Secure Computing Resource Allocation Framework For Open Fog Computing , 2020, Comput. J..

[173]  S. S. Gill,et al.  Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing , 2021, Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment.

[174]  Xavier Masip-Bruin,et al.  A Survey of Communication Protocols for Internet of Things and Related Challenges of Fog and Cloud Computing Integration , 2018, ACM Comput. Surv..

[175]  Vassilios V. Dimakopoulos,et al.  Modeling and Simulation Tools for Fog Computing - A Comprehensive Survey from a Cost Perspective , 2020, Future Internet.

[176]  Keshou Wu,et al.  An IPv6-based framework for fog-assisted healthcare monitoring , 2019 .

[177]  Rifqy Hakimi,et al.  Analyzing SDN-Based Vehicular Network Framework in 5G Services: Fog and Mobile Edge Computing , 2018, 2018 4th International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT).

[178]  Kriti Bhushan,et al.  DDoS attack defense framework for cloud using fog computing , 2017, 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT).

[179]  Rajesh Krishna Balan,et al.  FogFly: A Traffic Light Optimization Solution based on Fog Computing , 2018, UbiComp/ISWC Adjunct.

[180]  Muhammad Usman Shahid Khan,et al.  A Reliable and Efficient Fog‐Based Architecture for Autonomous Vehicular Networks , 2020 .

[181]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities , 2017, ArXiv.

[182]  Tie Qiu,et al.  Security and Privacy Preservation Scheme of Face Identification and Resolution Framework Using Fog Computing in Internet of Things , 2017, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[183]  Alan Davy,et al.  Machine learning based fog computing assisted data-driven approach for early lameness detection in dairy cattle , 2020, Comput. Electron. Agric..

[184]  Cristina Urdiales,et al.  A Framework for Analyzing Fog-Cloud Computing Cooperation Applied to Information Processing of UAVs , 2019, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[185]  Khalil El-Khatib,et al.  SoLVE: A Localization System Framework for VANets using the Cloud and Fog Computing , 2017, DIVANet@MSWiM.

[186]  Haonan An,et al.  Security Enhancement on a Lightweight Authentication Scheme With Anonymity Fog Computing Architecture , 2020, IEEE Access.

[187]  Rong Li,et al.  Customization design method for complex product systems based on a meta-model , 2019, Advances in Mechanical Engineering.

[188]  Zdzislaw Polkowski,et al.  A Framework of Fog Computing for Business , 2020 .

[189]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Intelligent Resource Allocation in Residential Buildings Using Consumer to Fog to Cloud Based Framework , 2019 .

[190]  Barbara Kitchenham,et al.  Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews , 2004 .

[191]  Sejal Bhavsar,et al.  Fault Tolerance in Cloud and Fog Computing—A Holistic View , 2021 .

[192]  Rajeev Wankar,et al.  Serverless Management of Sensing Systems for Fog Computing Framework , 2020, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[193]  Rajkumar Buyya,et al.  IoT Based Agriculture as a Cloud and Big Data Service: The Beginning of Digital India , 2017, J. Organ. End User Comput..

[194]  Adel Nadjaran Toosi,et al.  Serverless Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges , 2021, ACSW.

[195]  Sateesh Addepalli,et al.  Fog computing and its role in the internet of things , 2012, MCC '12.