Centralized Support Distributed Voltage Control by Using End-Users as Reactive Power Support

New generation of loads and the power factor correction devices of these loads provides an opportunity for distribution system operators to use them as reactive power support. In this paper, the integration of these end-user reactive-power-capable devices is investigated to provide voltage support to the grid. Due to the limitation on the number of smart homes, at first, the effective locations for injecting the reactive power into the distribution system is determined (i.e., Q-C buses) and showed how reactive power resources connected at those buses can be controlled. For control purposes, centralized support distributed voltage control (CSDVC) algorithm is proposed and the distribution system is decomposed into different areas by using ε-decomposition. Then Q-C buses, as the candidate buses, for providing reactive power are obtained. Optimum reactive power injection in every candidate bus in each area and tap position of the regulator, if necessary, is calculated by using genetic algorithm. The CSDVC is proposed to cover the inaccuracy of the loads forecasting and the control area centers faults, and also to provide secure reactive power control. The proposed approach is tested on the IEEE 33 and 69 buses distribution test systems.

[1]  Dragoslav D. Šiljak,et al.  An improved block-parallel Newton method via epsilon decompositions for load-flow calculations , 1996 .

[2]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  Smart-Grid -enabled load and distributed generation as a reactive resource , 2010, 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[3]  Kit Po Wong,et al.  Optimal Capacitor Placement to Distribution Transformers for Power Loss Reduction in Radial Distribution Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[4]  Laszlo Gyugyi,et al.  Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems , 1999 .

[5]  Singiresu S. Rao.  Engineering Optimization : Theory and Practice , 2010 .

[6]  Dariusz Czarkowski,et al.  Optimal Distributed Voltage Regulation for Secondary Networks With DGs , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[7]  Christopher Recio.  The utilization of power converters in consumer products for distributed reactive power support , 2012 .

[8]  B. F. Wollenberg,et al.  Corrective Control of Power System Flows by Line and Bus-Bar Switching , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[9]  Robert W. Erickson,et al.  Fundamentals of Power Electronics , 2001 .

[10]  M. S. Thomas,et al.  Deterministic load flow algorithm for balanced radial AC distribution systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE Fifth Power India Conference.

[11]  Magdy M. A. Salama,et al.  Novel Coordinated Voltage Control for Smart Distribution Networks With DG , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[12]  Ajeet Rohatgi,et al.  Impact of renewable distributed generation on power systems , 2001, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[13]  Philip T. Krein,et al.  Utility distributed reactive power control using correlation techniques , 2001, APEC 2001. Sixteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.01CH37181).

[14]  Philip T. Krein,et al.  Small inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources for reactive power support , 2011, 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[15]  R.P. O'Neill,et al.  Optimal Transmission Switching With Contingency Analysis , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  P. Ravi Babu,et al.  A Novel Approach for Solving Distribution Networks , 2009, 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference.

[17]  Vahid Farahani,et al.  Energy Loss Reduction by Conductor Replacement and Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  Muhammad H. Rashid,et al.  Power electronics handbook , 2001 .

[19]  Jen-Hao Teng,et al.  Modelling distributed generations in three-phase distribution load flow , 2008 .

[20]  Andrew Nafalski,et al.  Regenerative braking in an electric vehicle , 2009 .

[21]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  A Control Framework for the Smart Grid for Voltage Support Using Agent-Based Technologies , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[22]  Dragoslav D. Siljak,et al.  Nested ε-decompositions and clustering of complex systems , 1986, Autom..

[23]  David G. Luenberger,et al.  Linear and nonlinear programming , 1984 .

[24]  J. Teng.  A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions , 2003 .

[25]  P.T. Krein,et al.  Mitigation of power system collapse through active dynamic buffers , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).

[26]  N.G. Hingorani,et al.  Flexible AC transmission , 1993, IEEE Spectrum.

[27]  Joseph Mutale,et al.  Risk and reliability worth assessment of power systems under corrective control , 2009, 41st North American Power Symposium.

[28]  G. Pulla,et al.  Optimal Selection of Capacitors for Radial Distribution Systems Using Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm , 2011 .

[29]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  An Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[30]  V. Vittal,et al.  LP-Based OPF for Corrective FACTS Control to Relieve Overloads and Voltage Violations , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[31]  Necmi Altin,et al.  An implementation of grid interactive inverter with reactive power support capability for renewable energy sources , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives.

[32]  M. E. Baran,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement on radial distribution systems , 1989 .

[33]  D.K. Khatod,et al.  A novel approach for sensitivity calculations in the radial distribution system , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[34]  Philip T. Krein,et al.  The power buffer concept for utility load decoupling , 2000, 2000 IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37018).