Strategic Flexibility: A Review of the Literature

Previous literature reviews of strategic flexibility have a number of shortcomings: they lack a specific focus in the field, provide an excessive definitional focus or lack a clear empirical overview of research in the field. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper aims to systematically analyse the literature on strategic flexibility by identifying its main characteristics, linking the different aspects together in a new conceptual framework, and considering the means to measure it. This comprehensive analytical model analyses various aspects of strategic flexibility in the relevant literature (156 contributions). Thus, the systematic and critical approach of this paper offers a novel perspective in understanding strategic flexibility, and contributes to the field by providing a consolidation of the literature and indicating future research avenues.

[1]  A. J. Verdú-Jover,et al.  Environment–Flexibility Coalignment and Performance: An Analysis in Large versus Small Firms , 2006 .

[2]  Andrew H. Paterson,et al.  Manufacturing operations and strategic flexibility: survey and cases , 2000 .

[3]  Fatchur Rohman,et al.  The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Firm Performance through Strategic Flexibility: A Study on the SMEs Cluster in Malang , 2013 .

[4]  Kathleen M. Sutcliffe,et al.  Uncertainty in the transaction environment: an empirical test , 1998 .

[5]  Yi Duan,et al.  Entrepreneurial orientation, strategic flexibilities and indigenous firm innovation in transitional China , 2008, Int. J. Technol. Manag..

[6]  Egbert Wever,et al.  Determinants of new firm success , 2000 .

[7]  Nagesh N. Murthy,et al.  A framework for assessing value chain agility , 2006 .

[8]  Frédéric Jallat.  Reframing Business: When the Map Changes the Landscape , 2004 .

[9]  Sanjay Jharkharia,et al.  Organisational Flexibility and Competitiveness , 2014 .

[10]  V. Narayanan,et al.  Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: the moderating role of industry clockspeed , 2007 .

[11]  Justin Tan,et al.  Flexibility-Efficiency Tradeoff and Performance Implications Among Chinese SOEs , 2010 .

[12]  Margarethe F. Wiersema,et al.  Gaining Strategic and Organizational Capability in a Turbulent Business Environment David Ulrich , 1989 .

[13]  R. By,et al.  Organisational change management: A critical review , 2005 .

[14]  William Acar,et al.  The paradox of competitive advantage , 1996 .

[15]  Michael A. Hitt,et al.  STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS: BUILDING TRUST AND SOCIAL CAPITAL , 2003 .

[16]  E. Maitland,et al.  Flexible Footprints: Reconfiguring MNCs for New Value Opportunities , 2012 .

[17]  Amonrat Thoumrungroje.  The Moderating Roles of Organizational Learning and Strategic Flexibility on Marketing Strategic Change and Business Performance: Evidence from Firms in Thailand , 2015 .

[18]  Ellen Thomas,et al.  Platform-based product design and environmental turbulence , 2014 .

[19]  Jan-Erik Lane,et al.  Public sector reform : rationale, trends and problems , 1997 .

[20]  Philip Powell,et al.  Towards a definition of flexibility: in search of the Holy Grail? , 2000 .

[21]  John Hulland,et al.  Aggressive Marketing Strategy following Equity Offerings and Firm Value: The Role of Relative Strategic Flexibility , 2013 .

[22]  D. Leonard-Barton.  CORE CAPABILITIES AND CORE RIGIDITIES: A PARADOX IN MANAGING NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT , 1992 .

[23]  Markus C. Becker,et al.  Adaptation and inertia in dynamic environments , 2016 .

[24]  Varun Grover,et al.  Strategic Information Systems Planning: Planning System Dimensions, Internal Coalignment, and Implications for Planning Effectiveness , 1998 .

[25]  Thomas Hutzschenreuter,et al.  A Review of Empirical Research on Dynamic Competitive Strategy , 2009 .

[26]  Charles S. Englehardt,et al.  Organizational flexibility for a changing world , 2002 .

[27]  Gabriel O. Ogunmokun,et al.  The effect of marketing capability, financing resource and spatial configuration on market-focused flexibility , 2004 .

[28]  Jeannie L. Johnson,et al.  Organizational capabilities in e-commerce: An empirical investigation of e-brokerage service providers , 2005 .

[29]  Henry Chesbrough,et al.  Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology , 2003 .

[30]  Steven H. Seggie,et al.  Dynamic Capabilities View: Foundations and Research Agenda , 2007 .

[31]  J. West,et al.  Open Innovation: The Next Decade , 2014 .

[32]  Risto Rajala,et al.  Strategic flexibility in open innovation – designing business models for open source software , 2012 .

[33]  Oscar F. Bustinza,et al.  Explaining the Causes and Effects of Dynamic Capabilities Generation: A Multiple‐Indicator Multiple‐Cause Modelling Approach , 2013 .

[34]  Bent Petersen,et al.  Creating Meaningful Switching Options in International Operations , 2000 .

[35]  Alfonso Vargas-Sánchez,et al.  Choice of entry mode, strategic flexibility and performance of international strategy in hotel chains: an approach based on real options , 2015, European Journal of Tourism Research.

[36]  Warren Boeker,et al.  PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS AND STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ORGANIZATIONAL CONTRACTING , 1996 .

[37]  R. Hamlin,et al.  Acquiring market flexibility via niche portfolios , 2012 .

[38]  M. Hitt,et al.  The new competitive landscape , 1995 .

[39]  Risto T. Salminen,et al.  Strategic flexibilities and export performance: The moderating roles of export market‐oriented behavior and the export environment , 2012 .

[40]  Danilo Brozovic,et al.  A Flexibility Perspective on Services : A Critical Review and Reconceptualization , 2011 .

[41]  J. Benders.  Building the Flexible Firm: How to Remain Competitive , 1999 .

[42]  Alok K. Chakrabarti,et al.  Technological learning, strategic flexibility, and new product development in the pharmaceutical industry , 1996 .

[43]  Karen L. Newman.  Organizational Transformation During Institutional Upheaval , 2000 .

[44]  John A. Sharp,et al.  The role of qualitative methods in production management research , 2001 .

[45]  Francisco Javier Lloréns Montes,et al.  Exploring managerial flexibility: determinants and performance implications , 2008, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[46]  Stuart Evans,et al.  Super-Flexibility for Real-Time Adaptation: Perspectives from Silicon Valley , 2011 .

[47]  Marijn Janssen,et al.  From policy implementation to business process management: Principles for creating flexibility and agility , 2012, Gov. Inf. Q..

[48]  Rene M. Bakker,et al.  Built to Last or Meant to End: Intertemporal Choice in Strategic Alliance Portfolios , 2014, Organ. Sci..

[49]  B. Ivens.  FLEXIBILITY IN INDUSTRIAL SERVICE RELATIONSHIPS: THE CONSTRUCT, ANTECEDENTS, AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES , 2005 .

[50]  Francisco J. Martínez-López,et al.  Dynamic Marketing Capabilities: Toward an Integrative Framework , 2014 .

[51]  Jürgen Mühlbacher,et al.  Managers on flexibility and innovation: are Porter's assumptions on leadership right? An empirical exploration , 2006 .

[52]  N. Singh,et al.  Marketing Flexibilities: Lessons from the Corporate , 2014 .

[53]  A. Pettigrew,et al.  Determinants of Organizational Flexibility: A Study in an Emerging Economy , 2006 .

[54]  Roger G. Schroeder,et al.  Operations strategy: A literature review , 1989 .

[55]  Timo Busch,et al.  Airlines' Flexibility in Facing Regulatory Uncertainty: To Anticipate or Adapt? , 2011 .

[56]  Homa Bahrami,et al.  Super-Flexibility for Knowledge Enterprises: A Toolkit for Dynamic Adaption , 2004 .

[57]  Carsten Zimmermann,et al.  Linking strategic flexibility and operational efficiency: the mediating role of ambidextrous operational capabilities , 2014 .

[58]  P. Matthyssens,et al.  Strategic flexibility in export expansion: growing through withdrawal , 2004 .

[59]  Stefano Tonchia,et al.  Manufacturing flexibility: A literature review , 1998 .

[60]  Sharon F. Matusik,et al.  The Utilization of Contingent Work, Knowledge Creation, and Competitive Advantage , 1998 .

[61]  Patrick M. Wright,et al.  Toward a Unifying Framework for Exploring Fit and Flexibility in Strategic Human Resource Management , 1998 .

[62]  Thomas Mejtoft,et al.  Building relationships for survival : Coping media industry dynamics , 2014 .

[63]  Ian Palmer,et al.  “Flexibility” as the rationale for organizational change: a discourse perspective , 2013 .

[64]  Antonio J. Verdú-Jover,et al.  TQM, structural and strategic flexibility and performance: an empirical research study , 2005 .

[65]  Jerman Rose,et al.  The Synergistic Effects of Strategic Flexibility and Technological Resources on Performance of SMEs , 2007 .

[66]  Inmaculada Beltrán-Martín,et al.  Strategic flexibility as a moderator of the relationship between commitment to employees and performance in service firms , 2005 .

[67]  Li Yuan,et al.  Can strategic flexibility help firms profit from product innovation , 2010 .

[68]  M. Hitt,et al.  Advanced Manufacturing Technology: Organizational Design and Strategic Flexibility , 1996 .

[69]  S. Nadkarni,et al.  CEO Personality, Strategic Flexibility, and Firm Performance: The Case of the Indian Business Process Outsourcing Industry , 2010 .

[70]  Jan Pries-Heje,et al.  Business agility and diffusion of information technology , 2006, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[71]  Henk W. Volberda,et al.  Organizing for Flexibility: Addressing Dynamic Capabilities and Organization Design , 2012 .

[72]  V. García-Morales,et al.  The effects of CEOs' social networks on organizational performance through knowledge and strategic flexibility , 2012 .

[73]  Zelong Wei,et al.  Organizational Learning Ambidexterity, Strategic Flexibility, and New Product Development , 2014 .

[74]  Marc Logman.  Contextual intelligence and flexibility: understanding today's marketing environment , 2008 .

[75]  Xiaobo Wu,et al.  Proactive and reactive strategic flexibility in coping with environmental change in innovation , 2013 .

[76]  Kjell Grønhaug,et al.  Uncertainty, flexibility, and sustained competitive advantage , 2004 .

[77]  Warren E. Walker,et al.  Framing flexibility: Theorising and data mining to develop a useful definition of flexibility and related concepts , 2011 .

[78]  Antonio J. Verdú-Jover,et al.  Managerial social networks and strategic flexibility: the role of strategic orientation , 2013 .

[79]  D. Aaker,et al.  THE NEED FOR STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY , 1984 .

[80]  Antonio J. Verdú,et al.  The moderating effect of innovative capacity on the relationship between real options and strategic flexibility , 2010 .

[81]  Sebastian Kortmann,et al.  The mediating role of strategic orientations on the relationship between ambidexterity-oriented decisions and innovative ambidexterity , 2015 .

[82]  H. Hilman,et al.  Specific match between specific types of strategic flexibility and sourcing strategy: another strategic approach to build competitive advantage , 2013 .

[83]  Henk W. Volberda,et al.  Towards The Flexible Form: How To Remain Vital in Hypercompetitive Environments , 1996 .

[84]  Z. Irani,et al.  Performance measures and metrics in outsourcing decisions: a review for research and applications , 2015 .

[85]  Elisa Fredericks.  Infusing flexibility into business-to-business firms: A contingency theory and resource-based view perspective and practical implications , 2005 .

[86]  M. J. Zhang.  IS Support For Strategic Flexibility, Environmental Dynamism, And Firm Performance , 2006 .

[87]  Francisco Javier Lloréns Montes,et al.  Towards strategic flexibility: social networks, climate and uncertainty , 2014, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[88]  Kelly D. Martin,et al.  Strategic intent and performance: The role of resource allocation decisions , 2014 .

[89]  Ron Sanchez,et al.  Architecting Organizations: A Dynamic Strategic Contingency Perspective , 2012 .

[90]  Joel West,et al.  Open Innovation: Learning from Alliance Research , 2014 .

[91]  V. F. Pérez,et al.  External managerial networks, strategic flexibility and organisational learning: A comparative study among non-QM, ISO and TQM firms , 2013 .

[92]  Sushil.  The Concept of a Flexible Enterprise , 2014 .

[93]  M. Hitt,et al.  Strategic flexibility:Organizational preparedness to reverse ineffective strategic decisions , 2004 .

[94]  Oliver Schön,et al.  Business Model Modularity –A Way to Gain Strategic Flexibility? , 2012 .

[95]  Jeannie L. Johnson,et al.  Market-focused strategic flexibility: Conceptual advances and an integrative model , 2003 .

[96]  G. Hooley,et al.  Organizational resources enabling service responsiveness: Evidence from Greece , 2003 .

[97]  Ron Sanchez,et al.  Preparing for an Uncertain Future: Managing Organizations for Strategic Flexibility , 1997 .

[98]  S. Toms,et al.  Corporate Governance, Strategy and Survival in a Declining Industry: A Study of UK Cotton Textile Companies , 2003 .

[99]  Deepali Mishra,et al.  Flexibility and Sustainability of Mentorship Model for Entrepreneurship Development: An Exploratory Study , 2014 .

[100]  J. Céspedes-Lorente,et al.  Green Practices and Organizational Design as Sources of Strategic Flexibility and Performance , 2016 .

[101]  D. Gann,et al.  The Effects of Culture and Structure on Strategic Flexibility During Business Model Innovation , 2012 .

[102]  Stephen K. Callaway,et al.  More bang for your buck: Small firms and the importance of aligned information technology capabilities and strategic flexibility , 2007 .

[103]  Ron Sanchez.  Creating Modular Platforms for Strategic Flexibility , 2010 .

[104]  Hai Guo,et al.  Strategic flexibility and SME performance in an emerging economy , 2014 .

[105]  G. Stockport,et al.  Defining Strategic Flexibility , 2009 .

[106]  Rudi K. F. Bresser,et al.  Collective Strategy: Vice or Virtue? , 1986 .

[107]  Oscar F. Bustinza,et al.  Operations flexibility and outsourcing benefits: an empirical study in service firms , 2011 .

[108]  Waguih ElMaraghy,et al.  Enterprise Strategic Flexibility , 2012 .

[109]  Oussama Ammar,et al.  How does strategic flexibility pay off in terms of financial performance , 2015 .

[110]  Gordon E. Greenley,et al.  Strategic planning and performance: extending the debate , 2008 .

[111]  Colin Turner,et al.  Strategic flexibility and the emergence of virtual global strategies , 2012 .

[112]  Antonio Mihi Ramírez,et al.  Knowledge creation and flexibility of distribution of information , 2012 .

[113]  Ramón Valle Cabrera,et al.  Characteristics of Innovative Companies: A Case Study of Companies in Different Sectors , 2005 .

[114]  Ronald Siu Man Lau,et al.  Strategic Flexibility: A New Reality for World-Class Manufacturing , 1996 .

[115]  Rajdeep Grewal,et al.  Building Organizational Capabilities for Managing Economic Crisis: The Role of Market Orientation and Strategic Flexibility , 2001 .

[116]  P. Powell,et al.  SME Flexibility and the Role of Information Systems , 1998 .

[117]  Christopher B. Bingham,et al.  Unveiling the temporally contingent role of codification in alliance success , 2015 .

[118]  Catherine L. Wang,et al.  Success Traps, Dynamic Capabilities and Firm Performance , 2015 .

[119]  María Leticia Santos-Vijande,et al.  How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance☆ , 2012 .

[120]  Yuji Honjo,et al.  Business failure of new firms: an empirical analysis using a multiplicative hazards model , 2000 .

[121]  R. Sanchez.  Strategic flexibility in product competition , 1995 .

[122]  Fredrik Nordin,et al.  Solutions Offerings: A Critical Review and Reconceptualisation , 2010 .

[123]  G. Huber,et al.  Organizational Actions in Response to Threats and Opportunities , 2001 .

[124]  L. J. Gutiérrez Gutiérrez,et al.  Managerial Networks and Strategic Flexibility: A QM Perspective , 2010, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[125]  P. Cardona,et al.  Modularity, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: A study of the home appliance industry , 2002 .

[126]  Henk W. Volberda,et al.  On the concept of flexibility: A dual control perspective , 1996 .

[127]  A. R. Cannon,et al.  Competitive strategy and plant-level flexibility , 2004 .

[128]  Tang Wang,et al.  Opening the Black Box of Upper Echelons in China: TMT attributes and Strategic Flexibility , 2015 .

[129]  Petronella C. de Weerd-Nederhof,et al.  Editorial: Strategic Flexibility , 2001 .

[130]  R. Elliott,et al.  Co‐creation of meaning as a prerequisite for market‐focused strategic flexibility , 2012 .

[131]  Yuerui Wu,et al.  Study on the Influence of Organizational Slack on Firm Growth , 2012 .

[132]  N. Shepherd,et al.  The Influence of Context on the Strategic Decision‐Making Process: A Review of the Literature , 2014 .

[133]  T. Whipple,et al.  Market orientation, strategic flexibility, and performance: implications for services providers , 2005 .

[134]  Pietro Romano,et al.  Supply chain management: an analytical framework for critical literature review , 2000 .

[135]  Angela M. Eikenberry,et al.  The Marketization of the Nonprofit Sector: Civil Society at Risk? , 2004 .

[136]  L. K. Cvelbar,et al.  Tourism Firms' Strategic Flexibility: the Case of Slovenia , 2014 .

[137]  Justin Tan,et al.  A stage-dependent model of resource utilization, strategic flexibility, and implications for performance over time: Empirical evidence from a transitional environment , 2009 .

[138]  Zhao Dongmei,et al.  The Empirical Study on the Relations Among Network Structure, Strategic Flexibility and Technology Innovation Performance , 2013 .

[139]  R. Nagel,et al.  Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies for Enriching the Customer , 1994 .

[140]  Allen C. Bluedorn,et al.  The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management , 1999 .

[141]  Vicente Roca-Puig,et al.  Modelling the Implications of Quality Management Elements on Strategic Flexibility , 2011, Adv. Decis. Sci..

[142]  Fredrik Nordin,et al.  Disintermediation in Business-to-Business Service Channels: Mechanisms and Challenges , 2013 .

[143]  Eleonora Feletto,et al.  Measuring organizational flexibility in community pharmacy: Building the capacity to implement cognitive pharmaceutical services. , 2011, Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP.

[144]  Daniel Tolstoy,et al.  Differentiation in foreign business relationships: A study on small and medium-sized enterprises after their initial foreign market entry , 2014 .

[145]  B. Edvardsson,et al.  Service portraits in service research: a critical review , 2005 .

[146]  T. Das.  Managing Strategic Flexibility: Key to Effective Performance , 1995 .

[147]  Heng Liu,et al.  Strategic Flexibility and International Venturing by Emerging Market Firms: The Moderating Effects of Institutional and Relational Factors , 2013 .

[148]  J. S. Oberoi,et al.  An empirical examination of barriers to strategic flexibility in Indian manufacturing industries using analytical hierarchy process , 2013 .

[149]  Paul Hong,et al.  Stakeholders' pressure and managerial responses: lessons from hybrid car development and commercialisation , 2015, Int. J. Bus. Inf. Syst..

[150]  Yiannis Kouropalatis,et al.  Pursuing “flexible commitment” as strategic ambidexterity: An empirical justification in high technology firms , 2012 .

[151]  Karen E. Papke-Shields,et al.  Evolution in the strategic manufacturing planning process of organizations , 2006 .

[152]  B. Carlsson.  Flexibility and the theory of the firm , 1989 .

[153]  F. Phillips,et al.  Measuring Organizational Flexibility , 2000 .

[154]  Koen Vandenbempt,et al.  Dynamics of Change Recipient Sensemaking in Realizing Strategic Flexibility: A Competence-Based Perspective , 2014 .

[155]  Rosemary Thomas Skordoulis.  Strategic flexibility and change: an aid to strategic thinking or another managerial abstraction? , 2004 .

[156]  J. Ebben,et al.  Efficiency, flexibility, or both? Evidence linking strategy to performance in small firms , 2005 .

[157]  Kathryn Rudie Harrigan,et al.  The effect of exit barriers upon strategic flexibility , 1980 .

[158]  Andrew Pettigrew,et al.  Managing strategic change in a mature business , 1989 .

[159]  Yue Wang,et al.  How can emerging market small and medium-sized enterprises maximise internationalisation benefits? The moderating effect of organisational flexibility , 2014 .

[160]  Mona V. Makhija,et al.  Flexibility in internationalization: is it valuable during an economic crisis? , 2009 .

[161]  Robert C. Wolpert,et al.  A Review of the , 1985 .

[162]  Leopoldo Gutiérrez Gutiérrez,et al.  Explaining the Causes and Effects of Dynamic Capabilities Generation: A Multiple‐Indicator Multiple‐Cause Modelling Approach , 2013 .

[163]  H. TenDam.  Managerial Flexibility: A Strategic Asset , 1987 .

[164]  Antonio J. Verdú-Jover,et al.  Strategic Flexibility in e-Business Adapters and e-Business Start-ups , 2014 .

[165]  Ian Combe,et al.  Capabilities for strategic flexibility: a cognitive content framework , 2004 .

[166]  K. Mason,et al.  Flexible business models , 2012 .

[167]  Secil Bayraktar Kazozcu.  Role of strategic flexibility in the choice of turnaround strategies: A resource based approach , 2011 .

[168]  J. B. Quinn,et al.  STRATEGIC OUTSOURCING: LEVERAGING KNOWLEDGE CAPABILITIES , 1999 .

[169]  Yi Liu,et al.  Fast adaptation, strategic flexibility and entrepreneurial roles , 2011 .

[170]  R. Strattona,et al.  The strategic integration of agile and lean supply , 2022 .

[171]  Sabine B. Reddy.  Strategic Flexibility and Information Technology Properties: Competitive Advantage and Asset Specificity , 2006 .

[172]  N. Acur,et al.  Examining Proactive Strategic Decision-Making Flexibility in New Product Development , 2012 .

[173]  K. Eisenhardt.  Building theories from case study research , 1989, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[174]  D. Eppink.  Planning for strategic flexibility , 1978 .

[175]  Gordon E. Greenley,et al.  Antecedents to strategic flexibility , 2012 .

[176]  Na Li,et al.  A study of network-building HR practices for TMT, strategic flexibility and firm performance: The moderating role of environmental uncertainty , 2014 .

[177]  I. Combe.  “Marketing and flexibility”: debates past, present and future , 2012 .

[178]  K. Zhou,et al.  Technological capability, strategic flexibility, and product innovation , 2009 .

[179]  Sushil.  Strategic Flexibility: The Evolving Paradigm of Strategic Management , 2015 .

[180]  Candace E Young-Ybarra,et al.  Strategic Flexibility in Information Technology Alliances: the Influence of Transaction Cost Economics and Social Exchange Theory , 1999 .

[181]  Michael E. Raynor,et al.  Strategic Flexibility in R&D , 2004 .

[182]  Antonio J. Verdú-Jover,et al.  The concept of fit in services flexibility research: an empirical approach , 2004 .

[183]  Joseph H. Saleh,et al.  Flexibility: a multi-disciplinary literature review and a research agenda for designing flexible engineering systems , 2009 .

[184]  David A. Aaker.  Strategic Marketing Management , 2001 .

[185]  Justin B. Craig,et al.  Culture of Family Commitment and Strategic Flexibility: The Moderating Effect of Stewardship , 2008 .

[186]  Ron Sanchez,et al.  Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organization design , 1996 .

[187]  Inderpreet Singh Ahuja,et al.  An empirical investigation of dynamic capabilities in managing strategic flexibility in manufacturing organizations , 2013 .

[188]  Suresh Kotha,et al.  Continuous “Morphing”: Competing Through Dynamic Capabilities, Form, and Function , 2001 .

[189]  Jörg Sydow,et al.  Networks, Persistence and Change—A Path Dependence Perspective , 2015 .

[190]  John A. Pearce,et al.  Strategic Flexibility: A Management Guide for Changing Times , 1985 .

[191]  Sushil,et al.  The Flexible Enterprise , 2014 .

[192]  Gerhard Chroust,et al.  Systemic Flexibility and Business Agility , 2015 .

[193]  Paul Matthyssens,et al.  Strategic flexibility, rigidity and barriers to the development of absorptive capacity in business markets: Themes and research perspectives , 2005 .

[194]  John A. Sharp,et al.  A system to support the enhancement of strategic flexibility in manufacturing enterprises , 1998, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[195]  Bent Dreyer,et al.  Coping with unpredictable supply: the role of flexibility and adaptation , 2012 .

[196]  Sushil,et al.  Adapt: A Critical Pillar of Strategy Execution Process , 2014 .

[197]  Paul Bellamy.  Preparing for an uncertain Korean future , 2011 .

[198]  Kevin Celuch,et al.  SME Internet use and strategic flexibility: the moderating effect of IT market orientation , 2010 .

[199]  M. J. Zhang.  Information systems, strategic flexibility and firm performance: An empirical investigation , 2005 .

[200]  R. Sanchez,et al.  Reinventing strategic management: new theory and practice for competence-based competition , 1997 .

[201]  M.B. Lawson,et al.  In the praise of slack: time is of the essence , 2001, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[202]  John A. Parnell,et al.  Strategic philosophy and management level , 2005 .

[203]  J. S. Evans.  STRATEGIC FLEXIBILITY FOR HIGH TECHNOLOGY MANOEUVRES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK , 1991 .

[204]  Yini Lin,et al.  Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework , 2014 .