Faecal incontinence

[1]  D. Lubowski,et al.  The cough response of the anal sphincter , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[2]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence due to systemic sclerosis , 2002, Gut.

[3]  Y. Arabi,et al.  A randomized controlled trial to compare anal dilatation with lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy for anal fissure , 1979, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[4]  J. Murray,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy is the only parameter differentiating leakage from solid stool incontinence , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[5]  M. Kamm,et al.  Bowel dysfunction in spinal-cord-injury patients , 1996, The Lancet.

[6]  D. Waldron,et al.  Prolonged manometric recording of anorectal motor activity in ambulant human subjects: evidence of periodic activity. , 1989, Gut.

[7]  S. Furner,et al.  Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. , 1995, JAMA.

[8]  G. Savoye,et al.  Manometric assessment of an artificial bowel sphincter , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[9]  Ann Netten,et al.  Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2002 , 2000 .

[10]  A. Navarro-Luna,et al.  Ultrasound Study of Anal Fistulas With Hydrogen Peroxide Enhancement , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[11]  A. Thorson,et al.  Manometric diagnosis of anal sphincter injuries. , 1990, American journal of surgery.

[12]  R. Farouk,et al.  Sacral Nerve Stimulation Can Be Successful in Patients With Ultrasound Evidence of External Anal Sphincter Disruption , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[13]  J. Nuño,et al.  Bilateral gluteoplasty for fecal incontinence , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[14]  D. Lloyd,et al.  Functional results following the antegrade continence enema procedure , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[15]  B. Bittorf,et al.  Bilateral sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence after low anterior rectum resection , 2002, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[16]  S. Chelvanayagam,et al.  Bowel Continence Nursing , 2003 .

[17]  S. Furner,et al.  Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[18]  V. Violi,et al.  Total anorectal reconstruction by double graciloplasty: experience with delayed, selective use of implantable pulse generators , 1999, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[19]  S. Meuwissen,et al.  Investigation of anorectal function , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[20]  R. Cohen,et al.  Medium‐term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence , 2002, The British journal of surgery.

[21]  D. Kumar,et al.  The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective endosonic study. , 1993, Gut.

[22]  J. Christensen,et al.  The controls of gastrointestinal movements: some old and new views. , 1971, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  J. Rogers,et al.  Postanal repair and intersphincteric Ivalon sponge rectopexy for the treatment of rectal prolapse , 1987, The British journal of surgery.

[24]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Overlapping sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence , 1984, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[25]  N. Williams,et al.  The Combination of Electrically Stimulated Gracilis Neoanal Sphincter and Continent Colonic Conduit: A Step Forward for Total Anorectal Reconstruction? , 2004, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[26]  B. Stener,et al.  Anorectal function after major resections of the sacrum with bilateral or unilateral sacrifice of sacral nerves , 1976, The British journal of surgery.

[27]  W. Gowers IV. The automatic action of the sphincter ani , 1878, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[28]  J. Nogueras,et al.  Does perineal descent correlate with pudendal neuropathy? , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[29]  Listening to carers talking about the subjects of continence and toileting. , 2004, Nursing times.

[30]  I. Taylor,et al.  Comparison of rectosigmoid myoelectrical activity in the irritable colon syndrome during relapses and remissions. , 1978, Gut.

[31]  G. Poggioli,et al.  Duodenal involvement of Crohn's disease , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[32]  G. Xakellis,et al.  Implementing an incontinence management protocol in long-term care. Clinical outcomes and costs. , 2003, Journal of gerontological nursing.

[33]  C. O'boyle Assessment of quality of life in surgery , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[34]  M. Swash,et al.  ASSESSMENT OF PELVIC-FLOOR DISORDERS AND INCONTINENCE BY ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING OF THE ANAL REFLEX , 1978, The Lancet.

[35]  G. Devroede,et al.  Anal Incontinence , 1982 .

[36]  C. Norton,et al.  Anal plug for faecal incontinence , 2001, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[37]  A. Senagore,et al.  Pudendal nerve latency , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[38]  Brummelkamp Wh,et al.  Late results of anterior sphincter plication for traumatic faecal incontinence , 1994 .

[39]  M. Keighley,et al.  Results of surgery in idiopathic faecal incontinence. , 1990, Annals of medicine.

[40]  N. Read,et al.  A clinical study of patients with fecal incontinence and diarrhea. , 1979, Gastroenterology.

[41]  V. Loening-Baucke Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving faecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function. , 1990, Gut.

[42]  W. Lierse,et al.  Anal endosonography in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[43]  M. Keighley,et al.  Changes in colorectal function in severe idiopathic chronic constipation. , 1986, Gastroenterology.

[44]  J. Myles,et al.  Disturbed anal sphincter function following vaginal delivery. , 1996, Gut.

[45]  M. Benson,et al.  Glutaraldehyde cross‐linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[46]  M. Stone Incontinence in Women. , 2003 .

[47]  J. Windsor,et al.  Laxatives and faecal incontinence in long-term care. , 1999, Elderly care.

[48]  J. Ermer-Seltun,et al.  A review of perineal skin care protocols and skin barrier product use. , 2004, Ostomy/wound management.

[49]  M. Pescatori,et al.  Transanal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence: Clinical, psychologic, and manometric prospective study , 1991, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[50]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Vaginal endosonography of the anal sphincter complex is important in the assessment of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[51]  A. Senagore,et al.  Operative repair of anovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[52]  N S Williams,et al.  Construction of a neorectum and neoanal sphincter following previous proctocolectomy , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[53]  R. Motson,et al.  Anal Sphincter Injury: Management and Results of Parks Sphincter Repair , 1984, Annals of surgery.

[54]  R. Swift,et al.  A prospective audit of the usefulness of evacuating proctography. , 1998, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[55]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Anal endosonographic findings in the follow‐up of primarily sutured sphincteric ruptures , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[56]  D. Cutait,et al.  Rectosigmoidal hemangioma , 1961, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[57]  J. Chiang,et al.  Biofeedback therapy for excessive stool frequency and incontinence following anterior resection or total colectomy , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[58]  G R Davis,et al.  A dedicated microcomputer-based instrument for interval analysis of multicomponent wave forms in single fibre EMG. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[59]  K. Lymer,et al.  Fatigability of the External Anal Sphincter in Anal Incontinence , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[60]  N. Williams,et al.  The long term effect of sphincter preserving operations for rectal carcinoma on function of the anal sphincter in man , 1980, The British journal of surgery.

[61]  M. Corman The management of anal incontinence. , 1983, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[62]  M. Bouchoucha,et al.  Importance of colonic transit evaluation in the management of fecal incontinence , 2002, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[63]  G. Blas,et al.  Total fecal incontinence-a new method of gluteus maximus transposition: Preliminary results and report of previous experience with similar procedures , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[64]  S. Wexner,et al.  Complications of dynamic graciloplasty , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[65]  S. Chelvanayagam,et al.  Quality of life with faecal continence problems. , 2000, Nursing times.

[66]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[67]  G. Savoye,et al.  Defecographic disorders in anal incontinent women: Relation to symptoms and anal endosonographic patterns , 2005, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[68]  J. Coller,et al.  Surgical correction of anal incontinence , 1988, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[69]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  Relationship between symptoms and disordered continence mechanisms in women with idiopathic faecal incontinence , 2005, Gut.

[70]  James W. Fleshman,et al.  Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[71]  P. Bossuyt,et al.  Costs of outpatients with fecal incontinence , 2005, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[72]  W. Hop,et al.  Long‐term follow‐up of retrograde colonic irrigation for defaecation disturbances , 2005, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[73]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence following a rectosigmoid resection for colorectal cancer , 2005, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[74]  D. Waldron,et al.  Multiple sclerosis: Assessment of colonic and anorectal function in the presence of faecal incontinence , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[75]  D. Simonson,et al.  Assessment of quality-of-life outcomes. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[76]  M. Keighley,et al.  Physiological changes after postanal repair and parameters predicting outcome , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[77]  R. Irvine Faecal incontinence is not inevitable. , 1986, British medical journal.

[78]  S. Laurberg,et al.  Multiple vaginal deliveries increase the risk of permanent incontinence of flatus and urine in normal premenopausal women , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[79]  E. Birnbaum,et al.  Manometric squeeze pressure difference parallels functional outcome after overlapping sphincter reconstruction , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[80]  E. Weiss,et al.  Stimulated gracilis neosphincter operation , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[81]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Outcome of Anterior Sphincter Repair for Obstetric Injury: Comparison of Early and Late Results , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[82]  Lane Rh Clinical application of anorectal physiology. , 1975 .

[83]  L. Jensen,et al.  Comparison of the Nutritional Composition of Diets of Persons With Fecal Incontinence and That of Age‐ and Gender‐matched Controls , 2000, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[84]  J. Christiansen,et al.  Traumatic anal incontinence results of surgical repair , 1987, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[85]  T. Rockwood Incontinence severity and QOL scales for fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[86]  M. Keighley,et al.  Cost of Pelvic Floor Repair for Faecal Incontinence , 2000, Digestive Surgery.

[87]  B. Cremin,et al.  Assessment of continence after treatment for anorectal agenesis: a clinical and radiologic correlation. , 1971, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[88]  A. Leroi,et al.  Artificial anal sphincter in severe fecal incontinence , 2003 .

[89]  J. Toouli,et al.  Prospective trial of pelvic floor retraining in patients with fecal incontinence , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[90]  P. Mahieu,et al.  Defecography: II. Contribution to the diagnosis of defecation disorders , 2005, Gastrointestinal Radiology.

[91]  S. S. Rao,et al.  How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? , 1997, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[92]  S. Larach,et al.  Biofeedback in colorectal practice , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[93]  C. Beglinger,et al.  Effect of transdermal application of nicotine on colonic transit in healthy nonsmoking volunteers , 1998, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[94]  Gonzalo F Hagerman,et al.  Anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery in primiparous females , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[95]  J. Macfie,et al.  Comparative audit of colorectal resection with the POSSUM scoring system , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[96]  H. Duthie,et al.  Contribution of the external anal sphincter to the pressure zone in the anal canal , 1965, Gut.

[97]  D. Beck,et al.  Fecal seepage and soiling: A problem of rectal sensation , 1995, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[98]  Evaluation of perineal descent by defaecography , 1988, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[99]  M. Andersson,et al.  Objective methods cannot predict anal incontinence after primary repair of extensive anal tears , 1998, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[100]  D. Kumar,et al.  Results of anal or low rectal anastomosis and pouch construction for megarectum and megacolon , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[101]  H. Ortiz,et al.  Complications and functional outcome following artificial anal sphincter implantation , 2002, The British journal of surgery.

[102]  M. Kamm,et al.  Results of repeat anal sphincter repair , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[103]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Anorectal physiological testing in defecatory disorders: a prospective study. , 1994, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[104]  W. H. Brummelkamp,et al.  Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of fecal incontinence , 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[105]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Anorectal physiologic testing for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[106]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Irritable bowel syndrome , 1980, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[107]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Preliminary results of a multicentre trial of the electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[108]  R. Lefering,et al.  Prevalence of fecal incontinence: what can be expected? , 1998, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[109]  M. Kamm,et al.  Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence , 1997, The Lancet.

[110]  A. J. Campbell,et al.  Incontinence in the elderly: prevalence and prognosis. , 1985, Age and ageing.

[111]  J. Schlegel,et al.  Pressure profile of the rectum and anus of healthy persons , 1960, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[112]  A. Brading,et al.  Role of nitric oxide in relaxation of the longitudinal layer of rectal smooth muscle , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[113]  A. Leroi,et al.  Efficacy of Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence: Results of a Multicenter Double-Blind Crossover Study , 2005, Annals of surgery.

[114]  D. Fenner,et al.  The functional and psychosocial impact of fecal incontinence on women with urinary incontinence. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[115]  M. De Fazio,et al.  Permanent sacral nerve modulation for fecal incontinence and associated urinary disturbances , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[116]  H. Goor,et al.  Influence of Parks' anal retractor on anal sphincter pressures , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[117]  P. P. Jacobs,et al.  Postanal repair restores anatomy rather than function , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[118]  M. Swash,et al.  Asymmetrical pudendal nerve damage in pelvic floor disorders , 1988, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[119]  F. Stelzner Über die Anatomie des analen Sphincterorgans, wie sie der Chirurg sieht , 2004, Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.

[120]  A. Peña Surgical treatment of high imperforate anus , 1985, World Journal of Surgery.

[121]  J. Goligher,et al.  Late Results of Haemorrhoidectomy by Ligature and Excision , 1963, British medical journal.

[122]  P. Arhan,et al.  Relationship between viscoelastic properties of the rectum and anal pressure in man. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[123]  W. Waterfall,et al.  Postanal repair to restore fecal continence after failed sphincteroplasty. , 1984, Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie.

[124]  F. Balloni,et al.  Anorectal continence and bladder function , 1986, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[125]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography , 1991, The British journal of surgery.

[126]  M. Swash,et al.  Anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse: differential assessment of the innervation to puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles. , 1985, Gut.

[127]  N. Talley,et al.  Prevalence of faecal incontinence and associated risk factors , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[128]  J. Sleep,et al.  Pelvic floor exercises in postnatal care. , 1987, Midwifery.

[129]  K. Savik,et al.  Supplementation With Dietary Fiber Improves Fecal Incontinence , 2001, Nursing research.

[130]  M. Kamm,et al.  Clinical and economic evaluation of surgical treatments for faecal incontinence , 2001, The British journal of surgery.

[131]  B. Steenbergen,et al.  Impact of diarrhoea and faecal incontinence on the daily life of HIV-infected patients. , 1998, AIDS care.

[132]  P. Nathan,et al.  SPINAL PATHWAYS SUBSERVING DEFAECATION AND SENSATION FROM THE LOWER BOWEL , 1953, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[133]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Neuropeptides in the internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[134]  F. Konishi,et al.  Functional perineal colostomy with pudendal nerve anastomosis following anorectal resection: an experimental study. , 1996, Surgery.

[135]  E. Faragher,et al.  Anal function in geriatric patients with faecal incontinence. , 1989, Gut.

[136]  I. Finlay,et al.  Outcome after implantation of a novel prosthetic anal sphincter in humans , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[137]  T. Koeze,et al.  Restoration of gastrointestinal continuity and continence after abdominoperineal excision of the rectum using an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[138]  P. Nathan,et al.  LESIONS ON THE ANTERIOR FRONTAL LOBES AND DISTURBANCES OF MICTURITION AND DEFAECATION. , 1964, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[139]  I. Chalmers,et al.  West Berkshire perineal management trial. , 1984, British medical journal.

[140]  C. Alessi,et al.  Translating Clinical Research into Practice: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Exercise and Incontinence Care with Nursing Home Residents , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[141]  L. Hultén,et al.  Loperamide improves anal sphincter function and continence after restorative proctocolectomy , 1994, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[142]  W. Floyd,et al.  Electromyography of the sphincter ani externus in man , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[143]  M. Keighley Postanal Repair for Faecal Incontinence , 1984, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[144]  J. Murray,et al.  Fatigue rate index as a new measurement of external sphincter function , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[145]  D. O'hanlon,et al.  Advantages of a posterior fourchette incision in anal sphincter repair , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[146]  S. Lledó,et al.  Prevalence of pudendal neuropathy in fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[147]  N. Williams,et al.  Prospective study of the effects of postanal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[148]  J. BeatoNunez,et al.  [Hirschsprung's disease]. , 1951, Revista cubana de pediatria.

[149]  M. Kamm,et al.  Female anal sphincter: age-related differences in asymptomatic volunteers with high-frequency endoanal US. , 2002, Radiology.

[150]  S. Radley,et al.  Long-term results of cutting seton fistulotomy. , 2000, Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica.

[151]  柏愚,et al.  Fecal incontinence , 2005, Current treatment options in gastroenterology.

[152]  N. deSouza,et al.  High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anal sphincter using a dedicated endoanal receiver coil , 1999, European Radiology.

[153]  M. Kamm Faecal incontinence: common and treatable , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[154]  C. Baeten,et al.  Defecographic evaluation of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[155]  B. Panagamuwa,et al.  Total pelvic floor repair for the treatment of neuropathic fecal incontinence. , 1992, American journal of surgery.

[156]  J. Macfie,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence progresses with time , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[157]  J. Thomson,et al.  Overlap repair of damaged anal sphincter , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[158]  M. Swash,et al.  Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in ano-rectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study. , 1980, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[159]  R. Hutchinson,et al.  Bilateral gracilis neosphincter construction for treatment of faecal incontinence , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[160]  R. Gilmour,et al.  Continence following electrical stimulation and EMG biofeedback in a teenager with imperforate anus. , 1993, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[161]  C. Elton,et al.  Anterior anal sphincter repair: results in a district general hospital. , 2002, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[162]  H. Schuknecht,et al.  The pathology of sudden deafness. , 1973, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[163]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral spinal nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: multicentre study , 2004, The Lancet.

[164]  J. Brocklehurst,et al.  A study of faecal stasis in old age and the use of "dorbanex" in its prevention. , 1969, Gerontologia clinica.

[165]  K. Wilkinson,et al.  Pakistani women's perceptions and experiences of incontinence. , 2001, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[166]  J. Bannister,et al.  Effect of aging on anorectal function. , 1987, Gut.

[167]  K. Kanazawa,et al.  Functional perineal colostomy with pudendal nerve anastomosis following anorectal resection: a cadaver operation study on a new procedure. , 1997, Surgery.

[168]  J. Hardcastle,et al.  A study of anal incontinence and some principles of surgical treatment. , 1970, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[169]  J. Johanson,et al.  Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. , 1996, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[170]  M. A. Kamm,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[171]  A. Shafik Perianal injection of autologous fat for treatment of sphincteric incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[172]  P. Bossuyt,et al.  Anal sphincter defects in patients with fecal incontinence: endoanal versus external phased-array MR imaging. , 2005, Radiology.

[173]  J. Morrison,et al.  Electrically evoked activity in the human external anal sphincter , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[174]  M. Camilleri,et al.  American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on Anorectal Testing Techniques , 1999 .

[175]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in the UK , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[176]  M. Kamm,et al.  A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[177]  M. Swash New concepts in incontinence. , 1985, British medical journal.

[178]  E. Kiff,et al.  The appreciation of rectal distention in fecal incontinence , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[179]  C. Wastell,et al.  The right approach to carcinoma of the cardia and lower oesophagus. , 1987, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[180]  Kurakurachi S. Venkatesh,et al.  Anorectal complications of vaginal delivery , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[181]  P. Boulos,et al.  Adequate internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: Subcutaneous or open technique? , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[182]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Artificial Bowel Sphincter , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[183]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Changes in anal canal sensation after childbirth , 1991, The British journal of surgery.

[184]  A R Zinsmeister,et al.  Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. , 1992, Gastroenterology.

[185]  P. M. Falk,et al.  Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[186]  N. Read,et al.  Relation between rectal sensation and anal function in normal subjects and patients with faecal incontinence. , 1990, Gut.

[187]  L. Marvin,et al.  Follow-up evaluation of gracilis muscle transposition for fecal incontinence , 1980, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[188]  G J Maddern,et al.  Systematic review of safety and effectiveness of an artificial bowel sphincter for faecal incontinence , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[189]  S. Sentovich,et al.  Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[190]  F. Penninckx,et al.  The composition of anal basal pressure , 1989, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[191]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Results of neurophysiologic evaluation in fecal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[192]  Observer variation in the radiological measurement of the anorectal angle , 1990, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[193]  M. Kamm,et al.  Injectable bulking agents for treating faecal incontinence , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[194]  E. Adang,et al.  One-step vs two-step procedure in dynamic graciloplasty. , 2001 .

[195]  R. Beart,et al.  Anterior resection for complete rectal prolapse , 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[196]  P. Enck,et al.  Long-term efficacy of biofeedback training for fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[197]  M. Keighley,et al.  Sphincter repair for fecal incontinence , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[198]  K. Matzel,et al.  Neuroanatomy of the striated muscular anal continence mechanism , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[199]  M. Johnson,et al.  Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study. , 1973, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[200]  I. Finlay,et al.  Anorectal angle enhances faecal continence , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[201]  J. Roig,et al.  Prospective study of artificial anal sphincter and dynamic graciloplasty for severe anal incontinence , 2003, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[202]  F. Goldner,et al.  Validation of the digital rectal examination as an estimate of anal sphincter squeeze pressure. , 1991, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[203]  E. Hancke,et al.  Impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1987, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[204]  R. Schiessel,et al.  Restoration of anal sphincter function by single-stage dynamic graciloplasty with a modified (split sling) technique. , 1998, American journal of surgery.

[205]  D. Lubowski,et al.  Pudendal nerve function in women with symptomatic utero-vaginal prolapse , 1991, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[206]  P. Enck,et al.  [Psychosocial aspects of fecal incontinence]. , 1992, Leber, Magen, Darm.

[207]  M. Kamm,et al.  Bowel Control : Information and Practical Advice , 1998 .

[208]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Long-term results of anterior levatorplasty for fecal incontinence , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[209]  J. Pedersen,et al.  Endosonographic assessment of the anal sphincter after surgical reconstruction , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[210]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence in patients with previous partial spinal injury including disc prolapse , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[211]  L. Matthiesen,et al.  Obstetric anal sphincter injury ten years after: subjective and objective long term effects , 2005, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[212]  J. Bannister,et al.  ROLE OF ANAL CUSHIONS IN MAINTAINING CONTINENCE , 1986, The Lancet.

[213]  R. Smallwood,et al.  Anorectal function in patients with complete supraconal spinal cord lesions. , 1992, Gut.

[214]  S. Sentovich,et al.  Diagnosing anal sphincter injury with transanal ultrasound and manometry , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[215]  B. Frenckner Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man. , 1975, Gut.

[216]  T. Hu,et al.  The cost-effectiveness of disposable versus reusable diapers. A controlled experiment in a nursing home. , 1990, Journal of gerontological nursing.

[217]  M. Swash,et al.  Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[218]  A. Brading,et al.  A case-control study to examine any association between idiopathic detrusor instability and gastrointestinal tract disorder, and between irritable bowel syndrome and urinary tract disorder. , 1997, British journal of urology.

[219]  N. Carr,et al.  Surgical management of anorectal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter deficiency , 1997, The British journal of surgery.

[220]  I. Bissett,et al.  Evaluation of knowledge and anxiety level of patients visiting the colorectal pelvic floor clinic , 2006, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[221]  P. Miner,et al.  Delayed rectal sensation with fecal incontinence. Successful treatment using anorectal manometry. , 1986, Gastroenterology.

[222]  M. Kamm,et al.  Assessment of External Anal Sphincter Morphology in Idiopathic Fecal Incontinence with Endocoil Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2001, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[223]  G. Morren,et al.  Long-term results of electromyographic biofeedback training for fecal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[224]  A. Ferrara,et al.  Electromyographic assessment of biofeedback training for fecal incontinence and chronic constipation , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[225]  J. Dent,et al.  Anal pressure studies in spinal patients. , 1977, Gut.

[226]  B. Day,et al.  ABNORMALITIES IN CENTRAL MOTOR PATHWAY CONDUCTION IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS , 1984, The Lancet.

[227]  R. Kane Understanding Health Care Outcomes Research , 1997 .

[228]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Effect of octreotide on anal pressure and rectal compliance , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[229]  K. Hiltunen,et al.  Does defecography help in diagnosis and clinical decision-making in defecation disorders? , 1994, Abdominal Radiology.

[230]  R Rintala,et al.  Fecal continence and quality of life in adult patients with an operated low anorectal malformation. , 1992, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[231]  G. L. Engel,et al.  Anal dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of intractable fecal incontinence. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[232]  M. Swash FAECAL INCONTINENCE : CHILDBIRTH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CASES , 1993 .

[233]  G. Bleijenberg,et al.  Biofeedback treatment is ineffective in neurogenic fecal incontinence , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[234]  J. Lefaucheur,et al.  Respective value of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and anal sphincter electromyography in neurogenic fecal incontinence , 2002, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology.

[235]  L. Cardozo,et al.  Prevalence of faecal incontinence among women with urinary incontinence , 1998, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[236]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for anal incontinence , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[237]  G. Hosker,et al.  Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency measurements: what they do and do not tell us , 2002, The British journal of surgery.

[238]  B. Backe,et al.  Third degree obstetric tears; outcome after primary repair , 1998 .

[239]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Pudendal nerve function in idiopathic fecal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[240]  L. Turnberg,et al.  FAECAL INCONTINENCE: THE UNVOICED SYMPTOM , 1982, The Lancet.

[241]  M. Kamm,et al.  Recent advances in the surgical treatment of faecal incontinence , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[242]  M. Kamm,et al.  Reassessing artificial bowel sphincters , 2000, The Lancet.

[243]  M. Solomon,et al.  Randomized, Controlled Trial of Biofeedback With Anal Manometry, Transanal Ultrasound, or Pelvic Floor Retraining With Digital Guidance Alone in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Fecal Incontinence , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[244]  M. Swash,et al.  Electrophysiologic and manometric assessment of failed postanal repair for anorectal incontinence , 1984, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[245]  J. Macleod Biofeedback in the management of partial anal incontinence , 1983, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[246]  W. McCallion,et al.  Antegrade colonic enemas , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[247]  Jane M. Young,et al.  Telephone vs. Face-to-Face Biofeedback for Fecal Incontinence: Comparison of Two Techniques in 239 Patients , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[248]  M. Lise,et al.  Short-term sacral nerve stimulation for functional anorectal and urinary disturbances: Results in 40 patients , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[249]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Biofeedback Treatment for Functional Anorectal Disorders: A Comprehensive Efficacy Review , 2004, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[250]  P. Czernichow,et al.  Relationship between clinical symptoms of anal incontinence and the results of anorectal manometry , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[251]  A. Vernava,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy and the importance of EMG evaluation of fecal incontinence , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[252]  J. Barlow Biofeedback in the treatment of faecal incontinence. , 1997, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[253]  O. Schwandner,et al.  Rectal prolapse: which surgical option is appropriate? , 2005, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[254]  D. Kumar,et al.  Anal Sphincter Defects Correlation Between Endoanal Ultrasound and Surgery , 1993, Annals of surgery.

[255]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Direct Repair vs. Overlapping Sphincter Repair , 2003 .

[256]  M. Lise,et al.  Striated anal sphincter electromyography in idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[257]  S. Malnick,et al.  Dynamic Transperineal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Pelvic Floor Disorders , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[258]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Evaluation of a questionnaire in the assessment of patients with faecal incontinence and constipation. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[259]  Katsuki Ito,et al.  Causes of rectal incontinence after sphincter-preserving operations for rectal cancer , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[260]  Brummelkamp Wh,et al.  Late results of postanal repair for idiopathic faecal incontinence. , 1994 .

[261]  James W. Fleshman,et al.  The Safety and Efficacy of the Artificial Bowel Sphincter for Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[262]  J. Stiehl,et al.  Complications and Management , 2002 .

[263]  P. Kenemans,et al.  Urinary and faecal incontinence in community-residing elderly women. , 1992, Age and ageing.

[264]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Abnormal internal anal sphincter fibrosis and elasticity in fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[265]  R. Rogers,et al.  A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[266]  S. Bauer,et al.  Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[267]  S. Goldberg,et al.  Sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence , 1977, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[268]  V. Schumpelick,et al.  Vectormanometry for differential diagnosis of fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[269]  J. French,et al.  Comparison of gastrointestinal symptoms in colorectal carcinoma patients and community controls with respect to age. , 1994, Gut.

[270]  S. Nakagawa Onuf's nucleus of the sacral cord in a South American monkey (Saimiri): Its location and bilateral cortical input from area 4 , 1980, Brain Research.

[271]  R. Thakar,et al.  Anal endosonography and its role in assessing the incontinent patient. , 2004, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[272]  M. Swash,et al.  Physiological and histochemical adaptation of the electrically stimulated gracilis muscle to neoanal sphincter function , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[273]  M. Swash,et al.  ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY OF PELVIC FLOOR , 1981, The Lancet.

[274]  J. Kelly Cine radiography in anorectal malformations. , 1969, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[275]  G. Tobin,et al.  Faecal incontinence in residential homes for the elderly: prevalence, aetiology and management. , 1986, Age and ageing.

[276]  W. Russell Brain,et al.  Royal College of Physicians , 1893, British medical journal.

[277]  R. Woolley Benefits and risks of episiotomy: a review of the English-language literature since 1980. Part II. , 1995, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[278]  Takayuki Yamamoto,et al.  Fecal incontinence successfully managed by antegrade continence enema in children: A report of two cases , 1996, Surgery Today.

[279]  J. Christiansen Advances in the surgical management of anal incontinence. , 1992, Bailliere's clinical gastroenterology.

[280]  E. Weiss,et al.  Previous Sphincter Repair Does Not Affect the Outcome of Repeat Repair , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[281]  K. Pickrell,et al.  CONSTRUCTION OF A RECTAL SPHINGTER AND RESTORATION OF ANAL CONTINENCE BY TRANSPLANTING THE GRACILIS MUSCLE: A REPORT OF FOUR CASES IN CHILDREN , 1952, Annals of surgery.

[282]  B. Klosterhalfen,et al.  Sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter—A process of aging , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[283]  W. Hop,et al.  Clinical outcome of anterior overlapping external anal sphincter repair with internal anal sphincter imbrication , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[284]  J. Milne,et al.  Bowel habit in older people. , 1972, Gerontologia clinica.

[285]  N. Williams,et al.  Use of a continent colonic conduit for treatment of refractory evacuatory disorder following construction of an electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[286]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Evacuation proctography in obstructed defaecation and rectal intussusception , 1985 .

[287]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[288]  K. Matzel,et al.  Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence , 1995, The Lancet.

[289]  A. Halverson,et al.  Long-Term Outcome of Overlapping Anal Sphincter Repair , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[290]  N. Williams,et al.  Development of an electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter , 1991, The Lancet.

[291]  M. Swash,et al.  The pelvic floor musculature in the descending perineum syndrome , 1982, The British journal of surgery.

[292]  M. Kamm,et al.  Internal anal sphincter augmentation for fecal incontinence using injectable silicone biomaterial , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[293]  S. Skinner,et al.  Restoring control , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[294]  S. Atri The treatment of complete rectal prolapse by graciloplasty , 1980, The British journal of surgery.

[295]  A. Smith,et al.  Reproducibility of the proctometrogram. , 1986, Gut.

[296]  J. Buchowski,et al.  Cauda Equina Syndrome Secondary to Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-Analysis of Surgical Outcomes , 2000, Spine.

[297]  P. Anand,et al.  Sensory fibres expressing capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in patients with rectal hypersensitivity and faecal urgency , 2003, The Lancet.

[298]  S. Wexner,et al.  Neurophysiologic assessment of the anal sphincters , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[299]  J. Lennard-jones,et al.  Sensibility of the rectum to distension and the anorectal distension reflex in ulcerative colitis. , 1978, Gut.

[300]  E. Faragher,et al.  History and examination in the assessment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[301]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Anorectal pressure gradient in patients with anal incontinence , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[302]  J. Murray,et al.  Unilateral pudendal neuropathy , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[303]  M. Kamm,et al.  Permanent sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[304]  E. I. Smith,et al.  A Clinical Evaluation of the Surgical Treatment of Anorectal Malformations (Imperforate Anus) , 1978, Annals of surgery.

[305]  J. M. Harris,et al.  Long-term results for Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease. , 2003, Urology.

[306]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Anal sensitivity test: What does it measure and do we need it? , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[307]  E. Debus,et al.  Quality of life in patients with benign anorectal disorders , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[308]  Jeffrey L. Williamson,et al.  A comparison of simultaneous longitudinal and radial recordings of anal canal pressures , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[309]  C. Holdsworth,et al.  Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. , 1980, Gastroenterology.

[310]  C. Lyder,et al.  STRUCTURED SKIN CARE REGIMEN TO PREVENT PERINEAL DERMATITIS IN THE ELDERLY , 1992, Journal of ET nursing : official publication, International Association for Enterostomal Therapy.

[311]  I. Kowanko,et al.  Selection of continence products: perspectives of people who have incontinence and their carers , 2003, Disability and rehabilitation.

[312]  F. Mion,et al.  Fecal Incontinence in Females With a Past History of Vaginal Delivery , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[313]  M. Solomon,et al.  Successful overlapping anal sphincter repair , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[314]  D. Lubowski,et al.  Faecal incontinence associated with reduced pelvic sensation , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[315]  G. A. Oliver,et al.  GIANT MEGACOLON IN THE INSANE; FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON PATIENTS TREATED BY SUBTOTAL COLECTOMY. , 1965, Gastroenterology.

[316]  O. Ogunbiyi,et al.  A pilot study of total pelvic floor repair or gluteus maximus transposition for postobstetric neuropathic fecal incontinence , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[317]  E Ganio,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of fecal incontinence , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[318]  D. Bartolo,et al.  The relationship between perineal descent and denervation of the puborectalis in continent patients , 1986, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[319]  I. Vantini,et al.  Liquid stool incontinence with severe urgency: anorectal function and effective biofeedback treatment. , 1993, Gut.

[320]  J. Williams,et al.  Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index: Development, validation and application of a new instrument , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[321]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Anorectal manovolumetry in the diagnosis of fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[322]  W. Hop,et al.  Changes in bowel function after hysterectomy , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[323]  P. Ryan,et al.  Effects of incontinence care cleansing regimens on skin integrity. , 1995, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[324]  R. Severijnen,et al.  Adults born with high anorectal atresia—How do they manage? , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[325]  Roger J Marshall,et al.  The Prevalence of Fecal Incontinence in Community-Dwelling Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[326]  D M Berwick,et al.  A primer on leading the improvement of systems , 1996, BMJ.

[327]  S. Wexner,et al.  Biofeedback Therapy in the Colon and Rectal Practice , 2003, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback.

[328]  M. Swash,et al.  Unifying Concept of Pelvic Floor Disorders and Incontinence , 1985, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[329]  E. Barnes,et al.  A clinical study of Sudocrem in the management of dermatitis due to the physical stress of incontinence in a geriatric population. , 1987, Journal of advanced nursing.

[330]  Colin Cassells,et al.  The impact of incontinence on older spousal caregivers. , 2003, Journal of advanced nursing.

[331]  S. Bruley des Varannes,et al.  Outcome of patients with an implanted artificial anal sphincter for severe faecal incontinence A single institution report , 1998, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[332]  J. White,et al.  NEUROGENIC DISTURBANCES OF THE COLON AND THEIR INVESTIGATION BY THE COLONMETROGRAM: A PRELIMINARY REPORT. , 1940, Annals of surgery.

[333]  E. Weiss,et al.  New Surgical Options for Fecal Incontinence in Patients With Imperforate Anus , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[334]  S. Bale,et al.  The benefits of implementing a new skin care protocol in nursing homes. , 2004, Journal of tissue viability.

[335]  V. Eckardt,et al.  How reliable is digital examination for the evaluation of anal sphincter tone? , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[336]  B. Frenckner,et al.  Influence of autonomic nerves on the internal and sphincter in man. , 1976, Gut.

[337]  B. Anthony The provision of continence supplies by NHS trusts. , 1989, Elderly Care.

[338]  C. Norton,et al.  Women's experiences of faecal incontinence: a study. , 2004, British journal of community nursing.

[339]  A. Leroi,et al.  Effect of sacral nerve stimulation in patients with fecal and urinary incontinence , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[340]  P. Enck,et al.  Biofeedback training in disordered defecation , 1993, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[341]  C. Le,et al.  Patient satisfaction after surgical treatment for fistula-in-ano , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[342]  P. Enck,et al.  Minimum standards of anorectal manometry , 2002, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[343]  A. Leroi,et al.  Results of sphincteroplasty in 86 patients with anal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[344]  A. Parks,et al.  Late Repair of Injuries of the Anal Sphincter , 1971, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[345]  N. Williams,et al.  Rectal Hypersensitivity Worsens Stool Frequency, Urgency, and Lifestyle in Patients With Urge Fecal Incontinence , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[346]  W. Boeckx,et al.  Treatment and functional results of anorectal continence in children with imperforate anus. , 1982 .

[347]  N. Read,et al.  Effect of coffee on distal colon function. , 1990, Gut.

[348]  M. Barthet,et al.  Anal endosonography for assessment of anal incontinence with a linear probe: relationships with clinical and manometric features , 2002, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[349]  M. Swash,et al.  Parity as a factor in incontinence in multiple sclerosis. , 1987, Archives of neurology.

[350]  J. Murray,et al.  Relationship between manometric anal waves and fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[351]  E. Kurzrock,et al.  Colonic tubes for the antegrade continence enema: comparison of surgical technique. , 2004, The Journal of urology.

[352]  M. Swash,et al.  Damage to the innervation of the voluntary anal and periurethral sphincter musculature in incontinence: an electrophysiological study. , 1984, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[353]  J. Williams,et al.  Pre‐operative assessment of anal fistulas using endoanal ultrasound , 2002, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[354]  N. Mortensen,et al.  Rectal and anal endosonography. , 1992, Gut.

[355]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  Validation of a questionnaire to assess fecal incontinence and associated risk factors , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[356]  N. Hyman,et al.  Fecal Incontinence Severity Index After Fistulotomy , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[357]  M. Swash,et al.  Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: A 5‐year follow‐up , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[358]  Kidson Ig,et al.  The effect of wall mechanical properties on patency of arterial grafts. , 1983 .

[359]  M. Behan,et al.  Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study , 1999, The Lancet.

[360]  M. Houlihan,et al.  Primary sphincter repair in anorectal trauma , 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[361]  S. Paterson–Brown Should doctors perform an elective caesarean section on request? Yes, as long as the woman is fully informed. , 1998, BMJ.

[362]  P. Laycock,et al.  Incidence and Correlates of Incontinence in Stroke Patients , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[363]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Sphincter rupture in childbirth , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[364]  C. Norton Behavioral management of fecal incontinence in adults. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[365]  J. Potter,et al.  Management of bowel problems in older people: an update. , 2005, Clinical medicine.

[366]  F. Mion,et al.  Impact of anal incontinence and chronic constipation on quality of life. , 2004, Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique.

[367]  M. Swash,et al.  The overlapping innervation of the two sides of the external anal sphincter by the pudendal nerves , 1983, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[368]  M. Kamm,et al.  Randomized, Controlled Trial of Anal Electrical Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence , 2006, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[369]  M. Newell,et al.  Scintigraphic assessment of colonic transit in women with slow‐transit constipation arising de novo and following pelvic surgery or childbirth , 2001, The British journal of surgery.

[370]  W. Hop,et al.  Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery: functional outcome and risk factors for fecal incontinence , 2001, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[371]  M. Keighley,et al.  Abnormalities of colonic function in patients with rectal prolapse and faecal incontinence , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[372]  A. Brading,et al.  Nitrergic inhibitory innervation of porcine rectal circular smooth muscle , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[373]  G. Krejs,et al.  Acute effect of diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) in patients with chronic diarrhea and fecal incontinence , 1980 .

[374]  Stubbs Rs Wound infection after cholecystectomy: a case for routine prophylaxis. , 1983 .

[375]  Kathleen A. Moon,et al.  Incidence of fecal and urinary incontinence following radical perineal and retropubic prostatectomy in a national population. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[376]  S. Meuwissen,et al.  Anorectal function investigations in incontinent and continent patients , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[377]  J. Tjandra,et al.  Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincteric defects , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[378]  P. Miner Economic and personal impact of fecal and urinary incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[379]  H. B. Morton,et al.  SCOPE OF A TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND MUSCLE , 1982, The Lancet.

[380]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Long-Term Efficacy of Dynamic Graciloplasty for Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[381]  R. Mibu,et al.  A simplified defaecographic procedure for the assessment of faecal incontinence or obstructed defaecation , 2001, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[382]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Reliability of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency , 1997, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[383]  H. Goh,et al.  Computerised 3-dimensional vector volume analysis--the role of a new method for assessing anal sphincter competence. , 1992, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

[384]  E. Kuipers,et al.  Can three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography detect external anal sphincter atrophy? A comparison with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging , 2005, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[385]  K. Deen,et al.  Long-term results of total pelvic floor repair for postobstetric fecal incontinence , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[386]  E. Kiely,et al.  Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for reoperation in children with anorectal malformations , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[387]  M. Pescatori,et al.  New grading and scoring for anal incontinence , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[388]  M. Rinaldi,et al.  Multicentre retrospective analysis of the outcome of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe faecal incontinence , 2001, The British journal of surgery.

[389]  J. Lareau,et al.  Reusable Versus Disposable Incontinent Briefs: A Multiperspective Crossover Clinical Trial , 1995 .

[390]  N. S. Williams,et al.  The role and technique of ambulatory anal manometry. , 1992, Bailliere's clinical gastroenterology.

[391]  A. Smith,et al.  Use of the pudendo-anal reflex in the treatment of neurogenic faecal incontinence. , 1990, Gut.

[392]  M. Corman Gracilis muscle transposition for anal incontinence: Late results , 1985 .

[393]  C Fraser,et al.  Systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[394]  B. Person,et al.  Advances in the Surgical Treatment of Fecal Incontinence , 2005, Surgical innovation.

[395]  M. Keighley,et al.  Psychiatric screening for patients with faecal incontinence or chronic constipation referred for surgical treatment , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[396]  M. Kamm Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence , 1994, The Lancet.

[397]  R. Motson Sphincter injuries: Indications for, and results of sphincter repair , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[398]  M. Kamm,et al.  Patients’ Views of a Colostomy for Fecal Incontinence , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[399]  N. Read,et al.  A prospective study of the effect of haemorrhoidectomy on sphincter function and faecal continence , 1982, The British journal of surgery.

[400]  S. Phillips,et al.  Some aspects of anal continence and defaecation. , 1965, Gut.

[401]  F. Spaans,et al.  An implanted neuromuscular stimulator for fecal continence following previously implanted gracilis muscle , 1988, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[402]  J. Freeman,et al.  Physiologic Factors Affecting Defecatory Sensation: Relation to Aging , 1974, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[403]  Brown Ds Diapers and underpads, Part 1: Skin integrity outcomes. , 1994 .

[404]  N. Williams,et al.  The role of pelvic floor denervation in the aetiology of idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1986, The British journal of surgery.

[405]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Anal sphincter repair for obstetric injury: Manometric evaluation of functional results , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[406]  J. Lennard-jones,et al.  Variation of bowel habit in two population samples. , 1965, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[407]  S. Feuerbach,et al.  Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging defecography , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[408]  B. Naliboff,et al.  Subtypes of constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome based on rectal perception , 1998, Gut.

[409]  J. Sellin,et al.  Effect of increased fluid intake on stool output in normal healthy volunteers. , 1999, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[410]  R. Beart,et al.  Sphincter repair for fecal incontinence after obstetrical or iatrogenic injury , 1987, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[411]  S Halligan,et al.  Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose- designed artifical bowel sphincter , 1998 .

[412]  M. Scott,et al.  The role of manometry, electromyography and radiology in the assessment of faecal incontinence. , 1992, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[413]  P. Mills,et al.  Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation for Ano-rectal Incontinence , 1990 .

[414]  N. Read,et al.  Effects of loperamide on anal sphincter function in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea with fecal incontinence and urgency , 1982, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[415]  A. Carpentier,et al.  MYOCARDIAL SUBSTITUTION WITH A STIMULATED SKELETAL MUSCLE: FIRST SUCCESSFUL CLINICAL CASE , 1985, The Lancet.

[416]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anal sphincter biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence in adults—a systematic review , 2001, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[417]  J. Macleod Management of anal incontinence by biofeedback. , 1987, Gastroenterology.

[418]  G. Boeckxstaens,et al.  Atrophy and Defects Detection of the External Anal Sphincter: Comparison Between Three-Dimensional Anal Endosonography and Endoanal Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2006, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[419]  C. Baeten,et al.  Long-Term Follow-Up of Dynamic Graciloplasty for Fecal Incontinence , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[420]  A. F. Castro,et al.  Repair of the incontinent sphincter , 1978, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[421]  M. Solomon,et al.  Long-Term Outcomes of Pelvic Floor Exercise and Biofeedback Treatment for Patients With Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[422]  M. Keighley,et al.  The effect of age on pelvic floor dynamics , 1990, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[423]  M. Hedegaard,et al.  Episiotomy and perineal lesions in spontaneous vaginal deliveries , 1992, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[424]  J. B. Wyman,et al.  Variability of colonic function in healthy subjects. , 1978, Gut.

[425]  P. P. Jacobs,et al.  Obstetric fecal incontinence , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[426]  J. Ortiz,et al.  How reliable is measurement of the anorectal angle by videoproctography? , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[427]  W. Kiesewetter,et al.  Defecation and continence , 1970, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[428]  A. Fowler,et al.  Comparison of Ultrasound and Manometric Sphincter Length and Incontinence Scores , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[429]  P. Aitola,et al.  Functional results of anterior levatorplasty and external sphincter plication for faecal incontinence. , 2000, Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae.

[430]  M. Kamm,et al.  Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal MR imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[431]  N. Norton The perspective of the patient. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[432]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Biofeedback Treatment of Fecal Incontinence in Geriatric Patients , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[433]  K. Brittain,et al.  Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community , 2002, Gut.

[434]  S. Steele,et al.  Is there a role for concomitant pelvic floor repair in patients with sphincter defects in the treatment of fecal incontinence? , 2006, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[435]  J. Poloniecki,et al.  Adjuvant biofeedback following anal sphincter repair: a randomized study , 2004, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[436]  Paul-Antoine Lehur,et al.  Results of artificial sphincter in severe anal incontinence , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[437]  F. Penninckx,et al.  A new balloon-retaining test for evaluation of anorectal function in incontinent patients , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[438]  N. Read,et al.  Utility of a combined test of anorectal manometry, electromyography, and sensation in determining the mechanism of 'idiopathic' faecal incontinence. , 1992, Gut.

[439]  W. Luman,et al.  Topical glyceryl trinitrate relaxes the sphincter of Oddi. , 1997, Gut.

[440]  Sally Redfern,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback for fecal incontinence. , 2003, Gastroenterology.

[441]  N. Williams,et al.  Continent colonic conduit for the treatment of faecal incontinence associated with disordered evacuation , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[442]  P. Guzzetta,et al.  Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty in adults , 1999, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[443]  W. Bemelman,et al.  Long-Term Results of Anterior Anal Sphincter Repair for Fecal Incontinence due to Obstetric Injury / with Invited Commentaries , 2000, Digestive Surgery.

[444]  N. Mortensen,et al.  The anal continence plug: a disposable device for patients with anorectal incontinence , 1991, The Lancet.

[445]  K. Hosie,et al.  Assessment of noninvasive intra-anal electromyography to evaluate sphincter function , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[446]  N. Baxter,et al.  Long-Term Results of Anterior Sphincteroplasty , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[447]  J. N. Schullinger,et al.  Malformations of the anus and rectum. , 1965, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[448]  P. Hagen,et al.  Clinical biology of nitric oxide , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[449]  M. Kamm,et al.  Long-Term Results of Repeat Anterior Anal Sphincter Repair , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[450]  S. Wexner,et al.  How reliable are currently available methods of measuring the anorectal angle? , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[451]  M. Eijkemans,et al.  Fecal incontinence: endoanal US versus endoanal MR imaging. , 1999, Radiology.

[452]  C. Castleden,et al.  Prevalence of urinary and faecal incontinence in hospitals and residential and nursing homes for older people , 1995, BMJ.

[453]  J. Rosenberg,et al.  Early discharge after external anal sphincter repair , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[454]  F. Jones The management of constipation. , 1972, Nursing mirror and midwives journal.

[455]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  Transducer manometry and the effect of body position on anal canal pressures , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[456]  C. Vaccaro,et al.  Electrodiagnostic evaluation of fecal incontinence , 1995, Muscle & nerve.

[457]  G. Creasey,et al.  Economic consequences of an implanted neuroprosthesis for bladder and bowel management. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[458]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Differences in anorectal manometry between patients with haemorrhoids and patients with descending perineum syndrome: Implications for management , 1983, The British journal of surgery.

[459]  M. Kamm,et al.  Randomized, controlled trial of topical phenylephrine for fecal incontinence in patients after ileoanal pouch construction , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[460]  B. Millar Clinical nursing practice. , 2001, Journal of clinical nursing.

[461]  J. Misiewicz,et al.  Combined sensory and motor deficit in primary neuropathic faecal incontinence. , 1988, Gut.

[462]  M. Siimes,et al.  Anorectal function in adults operated for a benign sacrococcygeal teratoma. , 1993, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[463]  S. Halligan,et al.  Endosonographic Anatomy of the Normal Anal Canal Compared with Endocoil Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[464]  Kenneth R. Jones,et al.  Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[465]  S. Chelvanayagam,et al.  Methodology of Biofeedback for Adults With Fecal Incontinence: A Program of Care , 2001, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[466]  F. Seow-Choen,et al.  Anterior rectal mucosal prolapse: An easily treated cause of anorectal symptoms , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[467]  V. Edgerton Morphology and histochemistry of the soleus muscle from normal and exercised rats. , 1970, The American journal of anatomy.

[468]  W. F. Thomson The nature of haemorrhoids , 1975, The British journal of surgery.

[469]  S. Wexner,et al.  Stimulated graciloplasty for treatment of intractable fecal incontinence , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[470]  K. Nagashima,et al.  Preservation of a certain motoneurone group of the sacral cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: its clinical significance. , 1977, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[471]  M. Lamblin,et al.  Biofeedback for the treatment of fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[472]  R. Bump,et al.  Validation of two global impression questionnaires for incontinence. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[473]  N. Read,et al.  Role of anorectal sensation in preserving continence. , 1982, Gut.

[474]  J. Murray,et al.  Unilateral pudendal neuropathy , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[475]  A. Smith,et al.  Anal endosonography in asymptomatic subjects. , 1993, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[476]  H. Ikeuchi,et al.  Usefulness of valproate sodium for treatment of incontinence after ileoanal anastomosis. , 1990, Surgery.

[477]  M. Corman Anal incontinence following obstetrical injury , 1985 .

[478]  R. Goes,et al.  Gradient of pressure and time between proximal anal canal and high-pressure zone during internal anal sphincter relaxation , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[479]  K. Thor,et al.  Innervation of the female levator ani muscles. , 2002, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[480]  G. Haas,et al.  The pathogenesis of Hemorrhoids , 1984, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[481]  A. Wald,et al.  Prevalence of bowel dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. A population survey. , 1990, Gastroenterology.

[482]  H. Wallenburg,et al.  Anal Sphincter Damage After Vaginal Delivery , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[483]  F. Zerbib,et al.  Validation of the French version of the Fecal Incontinence Quality-of-Life (FIQL) scale. , 2004, Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique.

[484]  S. Riederer,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Anatomic and Dynamic Defects of the Pelvic Floor in Defecatory Disorders , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[485]  S. Wexner,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[486]  L. Noelker Incontinence in elderly cared for by family. , 1987, The Gerontologist.

[487]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Anorectal temperature sensation: A comparison of normal and incontinent patients , 1987, The British journal of surgery.

[488]  P. Nyström,et al.  Audit of anal‐sphincter repair , 2001, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[489]  F. Frizelle,et al.  Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: a description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls , 2000, Spinal Cord.

[490]  M. Pescatori,et al.  Clinical, manometric and sonographic assessment of the anal sphincters A comparative prospective study , 1996, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[491]  M. Kamm,et al.  Myths and Misconceptions About Chronic Constipation , 2005, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[492]  M. Steer,et al.  Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction , 1975, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[493]  S. Wexner,et al.  Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[494]  S. Wexner,et al.  The role of sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence reevaluated: A prospective physiologic and functional review , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[495]  W. Jost,et al.  Magnetic stimulation of the pudendal nerve , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[496]  D. Bartolo,et al.  A retrospective evaluation of rectal irrigation in the treatment of disorders of faecal continence , 2004, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[497]  J. Cameron Current Surgical Therapy , 2001 .

[498]  A. Darzi,et al.  Audit of postanal repair in the treatment of fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[499]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[500]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[501]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Safety and efficacy of dynamic muscle plasty for anal incontinence: lessons from a prospective, multicenter trial. , 1998, Gastroenterology.

[502]  K. Hiltunen Anal manometric findings in patients with anal incontinence , 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[503]  J. A. Barrett ABC of colorectal diseases. Colorectal disorders in elderly people. , 1992, BMJ.

[504]  V. Aguilella,et al.  The utility of endovaginal sonography in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. , 2005, Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas.

[505]  J. Enriquez-Navascués,et al.  Traumatic anal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[506]  A. Brading,et al.  Abnormalities of nitric-oxide-producing neurons in Hirschsprung's disease: morphology and implications. , 1994, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[507]  K. Fuchs,et al.  [Quality of life of patients with fecal incontinence]. , 1998, Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie. Supplement. Kongressband. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie. Kongress.

[508]  M. Swash,et al.  Faecal incontinence after anal dilatation , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[509]  J. Misiewicz,et al.  Pelvic floor neuropathy: a comparative study of diabetes mellitus and idiopathic faecal incontinence. , 1988, Gut.

[510]  M. Keighley,et al.  Critical assessment of the quality of continence after postanal repair for faecal incontinence , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[511]  L. Isaksen Toward a Sociology of (Gendered) Disgust , 2002 .

[512]  M. Swash,et al.  Evidence of pudendal neuropathy in patients with perineal descent and chronic straining at stool. , 1984, Gut.

[513]  P. Czernichow,et al.  Fecal incontinence in the institutionalized elderly: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. , 1999, The American journal of medicine.

[514]  D. Denny-Brown,et al.  AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NEBVOUS CONTEOL OF DEFECATION , 1935 .

[515]  M. Kamm,et al.  Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems , 1999, Gut.

[516]  L. Schiller,et al.  Pathogenesis of fecal incontinence in diabetes mellitus: evidence for internal-anal-sphincter dysfunction. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[517]  M. Behan,et al.  A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[518]  R. Farouk,et al.  The clinical contribution of integrated laboratory and ambulatory anorectal physiology assessment in faecal incontinence , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[519]  M. Swash,et al.  Implications of longitudinal muscle fibre splitting in neurogenic and myopathic disorders. , 1977, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[520]  R. Bennett,et al.  The relation of sensation in the anal canal to the functional anal sphincter: a possible factor in anal continence , 1963, Gut.

[521]  M. Solomon,et al.  Assessment of Quality of Life in the Treatment of Patients With Neuropathic Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[522]  V. Moore-Gillon Constipation: What Does the Patient Mean? , 1984, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[523]  P. Malone,et al.  The Malone antegrade continence enema. , 1995, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[524]  Biofeedback interventions for gastrointestinal conditions: a systematic review. , 2002, Alternative therapies in health and medicine.

[525]  R. McLeod,et al.  Reliability and validity studies of endoluminal ultrasonography for anorectal disorders , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[526]  D. Kumar,et al.  Audit of sphincter repair , 1996, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[527]  B. Holmström,et al.  Recovery of the internal anal sphincter following rectopexy: A possible explanation for continence improvement , 1988, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[528]  K A McCormick,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of treating incontinence in severely mobility-impaired long term care residents. , 1990, QRB. Quality review bulletin.

[529]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Comparison of anterior sphincteroplasty and postanal repair in the treatment of idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[530]  G. Rotondano,et al.  External anal sphincter defects: correlation between pre-operative anal endosonography and intraoperative findings. , 1996, The British journal of radiology.

[531]  M. Kamm,et al.  Prospective assessment of interobserver agreement for endoanal MRI in fecal incontinence , 2001, Abdominal Imaging.

[532]  A. S. Hall,et al.  High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anal sphincter using an internal coil. , 1995, Gut.

[533]  C. Ratto,et al.  How can the assessment of fistula-in-ano be improved? , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[534]  R. Schmidt Advances in Genitourinary Neurostimulation , 1986, Neurosurgery.

[535]  D. Hoffmann,et al.  Investigation of fecal incontinence with endoanal ultrasound , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[536]  R. Johanson,et al.  Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery , 1998, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[537]  B. Frenckner,et al.  Influence of pudendal block on the function of the anal sphincters. , 1975, Gut.

[538]  L. Taitz,et al.  Anorectal manometry results in defecation disorders. , 1983, Archives of disease in childhood.

[539]  P. Durdey,et al.  What is the relationship between perineal descent and anal mucosal electrosensitivity? , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[540]  L. Wong Incontinence has different meanings for different people. , 1995, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing.

[541]  R. Schiessel,et al.  Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[542]  P. Durdey,et al.  Urge incontinence of faeces is a marker of severe external anal sphincter dysfunction , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[543]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty for severe anal incontinence , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[544]  N. Read,et al.  The use of conventional electromyography to assess external sphincter neuropathy in man. , 1983, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[545]  H. Goh,et al.  The neurophysiological significance of perineal descent , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[546]  M. Swash,et al.  Normal proximal and delayed distal conduction in the pudendal nerves of patients with idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. , 1984, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[547]  W. Graf,et al.  Results of surgical treatment for faecal incontinence , 2000, The British journal of surgery.

[548]  M. A. Kamm,et al.  Effect of sacral neuromodulation for faecal incontinence on sexual activity , 2005, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[549]  Sacral (S3) Segmental Nerve Stimulation as a Treatment for Urge Incontinence in Patients with Detrusor Instability: Results of Chronic Electrical Stimulation using an Implantable Neural Prosthesis , 1995 .

[550]  K. H. Tung,et al.  Microchip implants on the anterior sacral roots in patients with spinal trauma: Does it improve bowel function? , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[551]  S. Rugg,et al.  The Importance of Independence in Toileting: the Views of Stroke Survivors and their Occupational Therapists , 2005 .

[552]  A. Aasen,et al.  The importance of anal endosonography in the evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[553]  H. Lapsley,et al.  Costs of managing urinary and faecal incontinence in a sub‐acute care facility: A “bottom‐up” approach , 2005, Neurourology and urodynamics.

[554]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence Following Surgery for Rectal Prolapse Repair: A Multicenter Study , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[555]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Assessment of microtransducers in anorectal manometry , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[556]  P. Malone,et al.  Preliminary report: the antegrade continence enema , 1990, The Lancet.

[557]  Nabri Ia El Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the father of operative surgery. , 1983 .

[558]  M. Swash,et al.  Abnormalities in Central and Peripheral Nerve Conduction in Patients with Anorectal Incontinence , 1985, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[559]  T. Hendrix,et al.  The internal anal sphincter response: manometric studies on its normal physiology, neural pathways, and alteration in bowel disorders. , 1963, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[560]  P. G. Ransley,et al.  The clinical application of the Malone antegrade colonic enema. , 1993, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[561]  A. Pryde,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of patients with faecal incontinence , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[562]  G. Maddern,et al.  Systematic review of dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2002, The British journal of surgery.

[563]  M. Keighley,et al.  Clinical and manometric assessment of gracilis muscle transplant for fecal incontinence , 1988, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[564]  J. Misiewicz,et al.  Disposable pudendal nerve stimulator: evaluation of the standard instrument and new device. , 1988, Gut.

[565]  A. Parks,et al.  Function of the anal sphincters following colo‐anal anastomosis , 1977, The British journal of surgery.

[566]  S. Ja,et al.  Clinical, anorectal manometry and surface electromyography in the study of patients with fecal incontinence. , 2003, Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva.

[567]  M. Swash,et al.  Effect of postanal repair on progress of neurogenic damage to the pelvic floor , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[568]  M. Spinelli,et al.  Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: Outcome in 16 patients with definitive implant , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[569]  B. Day,et al.  The corticomotoneurone connection is normal in Parkinson's disease , 1984, Nature.

[570]  E. Pedersen,et al.  Human anal reflexes. , 1978, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[571]  M. Kamm,et al.  Gastrointestinal transit and prolonged ambulatory colonic motility in health and faecal incontinence , 1997, Gut.

[572]  M. Kamm,et al.  Long‐term results of postanal repair for neurogenic faecal incontinence , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[573]  S. Sentovich,et al.  Patterns of male fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[574]  D. Lubowski,et al.  Do patients with haemorrhoids have pelvic floor denervation? , 1988, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[575]  S. Haldeman,et al.  The conus demyelination syndrome in multiple sclerosis * , 1984, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[576]  W. E. Wise,et al.  Delayed repair of obstetric injuries of the anorectum and vagina , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[577]  M. Kamm,et al.  Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair , 1994, BMJ.

[578]  M. Craggs,et al.  Studies of the latency of pelvic floor contraction during peripheral nerve evaluation show that the muscle response is reflexly mediated. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[579]  S. Smits,et al.  Clinical value of colonic irrigation in patients with continence disturbances , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[580]  V. Eckardt,et al.  Reliability of anal pressure measurements , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[581]  T. Hu,et al.  Disposable versus reusable incontinent products: a controlled cost-effectiveness experiment. , 1988, Ostomy/wound management.

[582]  M. Kamm,et al.  Evaluation of the intrinsic innervation of the internal anal sphincter using electrical stimulation. , 1989, Gut.

[583]  M. Brazzelli,et al.  Absorbent Products for Containing Urinary and/or Fecal Incontinence in Adults , 2002, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[584]  I. Johnston,et al.  Megacolon and volvulus in psychotics , 1960, The British journal of surgery.

[585]  W. F. Tets,et al.  Pelvic floor procedures produce no consistent changes in anatomy or physiology , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[586]  S. Sentovich,et al.  Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[587]  S. Wexner,et al.  Colorectal physiological tests: use or abuse of technology? , 1994, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[588]  R. Johanson,et al.  Consensus on Prevention and Management of Post-Obstetric Bowel Incontinence and Third Degree Tear , 2000 .

[589]  T. Olsen,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors of incontinence after stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. , 1997, Stroke.

[590]  I. Khubchandani,et al.  Rationale for medical or surgical therapy in anal incontinence , 1986, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[591]  T. A. Cook,et al.  Management of faecal incontinence following obstetric injury , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[592]  A. Brading,et al.  Nitrergic innervation and relaxant response of rectal circular smooth muscle , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[593]  W. Rathmann,et al.  Epidemiology of faecal incontinence in selected patient groups , 1991, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[594]  W. O. Griffen,et al.  Delayed correction of anorectal incontinence due to anal sphincteral injury. , 1976, Archives of surgery.

[595]  I. Sielezneff,et al.  Sphincter repair without overlapping for fecal incontinence , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[596]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence , 1991, The British journal of surgery.

[597]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Anorectal sampling: A comparison of normal and incontinent patients , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[598]  M. Kantner NEUE MORPHOLOGISCHE ERGEBNISSE ÜBER DIE PERIPHERISCHEN NERVENAUSBREITUNGEN UND IHRE DEUTUNG , 1957 .

[599]  M. Brazzelli,et al.  Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults (Cochrane review) , 2003 .

[600]  B. Frenckner,et al.  Function of the anal sphincters in patients with intussusception of the rectum. , 1976, Gut.

[601]  A. Gilai,et al.  Reconstruction of the anal sphincter by gracilis muscle transfer: the value of electromyography in the preoperative assessment and postoperative management of the patient. , 1980, British Journal of Plastic Surgery.

[602]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Anal sensation and the continence mechanism , 1988, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[603]  M. Behan,et al.  A randomized clinical trial comparing primary overlap with approximation repair of third-degree obstetric tears. , 2000, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[604]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Gracilis muscle transposition for faecal incontinence , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[605]  E. Cavina,et al.  Study protocols and functional results in 86 electrostimulated graciloplasties , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[606]  M. Swash,et al.  Delayed external sphincter repair for obstetric tear , 1988 .

[607]  John R. Christiansen,et al.  IMPLANTATION OF ARTIFICIAL SPHINCTER FOR ANAL INCONTINENCE , 1987, The Lancet.

[608]  P. Mahieu,et al.  Defecography: I. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients , 2005, Gastrointestinal Radiology.

[609]  J. Laméris,et al.  Relationship between sphincter morphology on endoanal MRI and histopathological aspects of the external anal sphincter , 2000, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[610]  N. Read,et al.  Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence , 1990, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[611]  M. Cerulli,et al.  Progress in biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. , 1979, Gastroenterology.

[612]  S. Stanton,et al.  The Ethnic Cultural and Social Aspects of Incontinence – A Pilot Study , 1999, International Urogynecology Journal.

[613]  M. Swash,et al.  Physiological studies of the anal sphincter musculature in faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse , 1981, The British journal of surgery.

[614]  Gordon Guyatt,et al.  Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[615]  E. Weiss,et al.  A prospective randomized trial comparing four biofeedback techniques for patients with faecal incontinence , 2000, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[616]  Jeter Kf,et al.  Skin care in the frail, elderly, dependent, incontinent patient. , 1996 .

[617]  C. Meyenberger,et al.  Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery. , 1996, Endoscopy.

[618]  H. Duthie,et al.  The functional importance of the internal anal sphincter , 1964, The British journal of surgery.

[619]  D. Rex,et al.  Combined anorectal manometry and defecography in 50 consecutive adults with fecal incontinence , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[620]  I. Aaronson,et al.  A clinical evaluation of ano-rectal pressure studies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease , 1972 .

[621]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Clinical rather than laboratory assessment predicts continence after anterior sphincteroplasty , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[622]  M. Kamm,et al.  Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three‐dimensional anal endosonography , 2000, British Journal of Surgery.

[623]  M. Kamm,et al.  Three‐dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[624]  D. Wattchow,et al.  The effect of vaginal delivery on anal function. , 1999, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[625]  J. Pedersen,et al.  Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence: findings and influence on surgical management. , 1993, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[626]  D. Wattchow,et al.  Short communication: endoanal ultrasound during contraction of the anal sphincter--improved definition and diagnostic accuracy. , 1996, The British journal of radiology.

[627]  P. Mollard,et al.  Control of the internal anal sphincter (manometric study with human subjects) , 1977, Pflügers Archiv.

[628]  R Rintala,et al.  Fecal continence and quality of life for adult patients with an operated high or intermediate anorectal malformation. , 1994, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[629]  R. Motson,et al.  Incidence of third‐degree perineal tears in labour and outcome after primary repair , 1996, The British journal of surgery.

[630]  Michel Neunlist,et al.  Comparison of Quality of Life and Anorectal Function After Artificial Sphincter Implantation , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[631]  W. F. Tets,et al.  Continence disorders after anal fistulotomy , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[632]  J. Bannister,et al.  External and internal anal sphincter responses to rectal distension in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[633]  F. Frizelle,et al.  Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury , 2001, Spinal Cord.

[634]  M. Schuster Biofeedback Treatment of Castrointestinal Disorders , 1977 .

[635]  C. Bartram,et al.  Anal endosonography in faecal incontinence. , 1995, Endoscopy.

[636]  C. Vaizey,et al.  Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence , 1999, Gut.

[637]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Anal sphincter imaging in fecal incontinence using endosonography , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[638]  R. Kerremans,et al.  Functional evaluation of ectopic anus and its surgical consequences. , 1974, American journal of diseases of children.

[639]  P. H. Powell,et al.  The role of urethral sensation in clinical urology. , 1980, British journal of urology.

[640]  D. Rizk,et al.  The prevalence and determinants of health care-seeking behavior for fecal incontinence in multiparous United Arab Emirates females , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[641]  A. Hobson,et al.  Manometric asymmetry in the anal canal in controls and patients with fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[642]  A. Akhtar,et al.  Fecal incontinence in older patients. , 2005, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[643]  N. Read,et al.  Effects of loperamide oxide on gastrointestinal transit time and anorectal function in patients with chronic diarrhoea and faecal incontinence. , 1997, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[644]  H. Kuijpers,et al.  Disorders of impaired fecal control a clinical and manometric study , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[645]  H. Duthie,et al.  Anal continence following surgery for imperforate anus. , 1973, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[646]  M. Chancellor,et al.  Principles of Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) for the Treatment of Bladder and Urethral Sphincter Dysfunctions , 2000, Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society.

[647]  S. Laurberg,et al.  Malone antegrade continence enema for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[648]  S. Hussain,et al.  Endoanal magnetic resonance imaging versus endosonography. , 1996, La Radiologia medica.

[649]  R. Nicholls,et al.  Postanal repair for faecal incontinence persisting after rectopexy , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[650]  A. E. Stuart,et al.  The management of villous tumours of the large bowel , 1973, The British journal of surgery.

[651]  S Salmons,et al.  The adaptive response of skeletal muscle to increased use , 1981, Muscle & nerve.

[652]  R. A. McGregor Gracilis muscle transplant in anal incontinence , 1965, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[653]  A. Zinsmeister,et al.  A new questionnaire for constipation and faecal incontinence , 2004, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[654]  H. Duthie,et al.  Sensory nerve‐endings and sensation in the anal region of man , 1960, The British journal of surgery.

[655]  S. Rao Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[656]  D. Waldron,et al.  Comparison of digital and manometric assessment of anal sphincter function , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[657]  W F Brown,et al.  A method for estimating the number of motor units in thenar muscles and the changes in motor unit count with ageing , 1972, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[658]  C. O'Herlihy,et al.  Postpartum fecal incontinence is more common in women with irritable bowel syndrome , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[659]  J. Wyndaele,et al.  Reproducibility of digital testing of the pelvic floor muscles in men. , 1996, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[660]  R. Farouk,et al.  Evidence of electromechanical dissociation of the internal anal sphincter in idiopathic fecal incontinence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[661]  M. Swash,et al.  Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. , 1977, Gut.

[662]  J. Faucheron,et al.  Is fecal continence improved by nonstimulated gracilis muscle transposition? , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[663]  E. Murphy,et al.  VOLUME OF THE VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS IN MAN: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO NEURONAL POPULATION AND AGE , 1972, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[664]  C. Norton,et al.  Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[665]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Anterior sphincter plication and levatorplasty in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[666]  L. Hultén,et al.  Sympathetic nervous influence on the internal anal sphincter and rectum in man , 1988, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[667]  V. Fazio,et al.  Anal sphincter repair: a report of 60 cases and review of the literature. , 1988, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[668]  R. Phillips,et al.  Non‐inflammatory rectovaginal fistula , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[669]  Cigarette smoking and nicotine delay postprandial mouth-cecum transit time , 1992, Digestive diseases and sciences.

[670]  L. Monge,et al.  Pudendal neuropathy in diabetic patients with faecal incontinence , 1994, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[671]  Rainey Jb,et al.  Postanal repair: which patients derive most benefit? , 1990 .

[672]  L. Hultén,et al.  Rectal reservoir and sensory function studied by graded isobaric distension in normal man. , 1989, Gut.

[673]  M. Borrie,et al.  Incontinence in institutions: costs and contributing factors. , 1992, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[674]  B. Parry,et al.  Long-Term Results of the Anterior Delorme’s Operation in the Management of Symptomatic Rectocele , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[675]  A. Lowry,et al.  Faecal incontinence in adults , 2004, The Lancet.

[676]  N. Williams,et al.  Rectal augmentation and stimulated gracilis anal neosphincter , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[677]  D. Holdstock,et al.  Factors controlling colonic motility: Colonic pressures and transit after meals in patients with total gastrectomy, pernicious anaemia, or duodenal ulcer , 1970, Gut.

[678]  D. Schoetz Operative therapy for anal incontinence. , 1985, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[679]  A. Lowry,et al.  Biofeedback improves functional outcome after sphincteroplasty , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[680]  B. Flourié,et al.  Comparison of a low dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution with lactulose for treatment of chronic constipation , 1999, Gut.

[681]  B. Smith Effect of irritant purgatives on the myenteric plexus in man and the mouse. , 1968, Gut.

[682]  D. Bartolo,et al.  New method for assessment of anal sensation in various anorectal disorders , 1986, The British journal of surgery.

[683]  A. Wald,et al.  Anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction in fecal incontinence and diabetes mellitus. Modification with biofeedback therapy. , 1984, The New England journal of medicine.

[684]  W. Rudd The transanal anastomosis: A sphincter-saving operation with improved continence , 1979, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[685]  E. Bokey,et al.  Are special investigations of value in the management of patients with fecal incontinence? , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[686]  C. Facal,et al.  Artificial bowel sphincter in severe anal incontinence , 2004, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[687]  A. B. Prasad,et al.  British National Formulary , 1994 .

[688]  M. B. Nielsen,et al.  Defecographic findings in patients with anal incontinence and constipation and their relation to rectal emptying , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[689]  D. Burke,et al.  Role of Resting Pressure Gradient in the Investigation of Idiopathic Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.

[690]  E. Pedersen,et al.  Anal sphincter responses after perianal electrical stimulation. , 1982, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[691]  H. Büller,et al.  TREATMENT OF FAECAL INCONTINENCE IN A CHILD WITH SACRAL AGENESIS: THE USE OF BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING , 1994, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[692]  G. Santoro,et al.  Open study of low-dose amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[693]  S. Bewley,et al.  I. The unethics of ‘request’ caesarean section , 2002, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[694]  A. Brook Bowel Distress and Emotional Conflict , 1991, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[695]  J. Bannister,et al.  An analysis of anal sphincter pressure and anal compliance in normal subjects , 1986, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[696]  J. Fielding,et al.  Management of faecal incontinence and results of surgical treatment , 1983, The British journal of surgery.

[697]  C. Bartram,et al.  Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter , 1991, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[698]  L. Hultén,et al.  Anal and rectal motility responses to distension of the urinary bladder in man , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[699]  M. Swash,et al.  Coloproctology and the Pelvic Floor , 1991 .

[700]  N. Iwai,et al.  A clinical and manometric correlation for assessment of postoperative continence in imperforate anus. , 1979, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[701]  C. Baeten,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence , 2001, Microsurgery.

[702]  M. Keighley,et al.  Randomized trial of fecal diversion for sphincter repair , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[703]  M. Swash,et al.  Abnormalities of the innervation of the urethral striated sphincter musculature in incontinence. , 1984, British journal of urology.

[704]  P. Lehur,et al.  Artificial anal sphincter , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[705]  A. Parks,et al.  Postanal repair for neuropathic faecal incontinence: Correlation of clinical result and anal canal pressures , 1983, The British journal of surgery.

[706]  R. Chesson,et al.  Digital examination compared to trans‐perineal ultrasound for the evaluation of anal sphincter repair , 2002 .

[707]  J. Sung,et al.  PATHOLOGY OF SHY‐DRAGER SYNDROME* , 1978, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[708]  J. Hentz,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of magnetic resonance images of the anal sphincter and correlation between sphincter volume and pressure. , 2003, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[709]  R. Thakar,et al.  Lower genital tract and anal sphincter trauma. , 2002, Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology.

[710]  F. Mion,et al.  Long-Term Consequences of First Vaginal Delivery-Induced Anal Sphincter Defect , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[711]  E. Weiss,et al.  Is bowel confinement necessary after anorectal reconstructive surgery? , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[712]  J. Williams,et al.  The outcome of surgery for complex anal fistula , 2002, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[713]  I. G. Finlay,et al.  Artificial anal sphincter , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[714]  M. Gowland,et al.  Anal function following third degree tears , 2004, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[715]  R. Gamagami,et al.  Is rectal intussusception a cause of idiopathic incontinence? , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[716]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery , 1993, International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.

[717]  M. Rinaldi,et al.  Disappointing long‐term results of the artificial anal sphincter for faecal incontinence , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[718]  B. Parry,et al.  Long‐term outcome of postanal repair in the treatment of faecal incontinence , 2005, ANZ journal of surgery.

[719]  G. Bleijenberg,et al.  Effect of electrostimulation on sphincter function in neurogenic fecal continence , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[720]  W. Kiesewetter,et al.  CONTINENCE AFTER SURGERY FOR IMPERFORATE ANUS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY EXPERIENCE WITH THE SACROPERINEAL PULL-THROUGH. , 1963, Annals of surgery.

[721]  J. Connor,et al.  Meta‐analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage , 2003, The British journal of surgery.

[722]  M. Swash Early and late components in the human anal reflex. , 1982, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[723]  P. Arhan,et al.  Ano-rectal motility in sick children. , 1972, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[724]  J. Murray,et al.  Biofeedback training is useful in fecal incontinence but disappointing in constipation , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[725]  W. Whitehead,et al.  Validity and Reliability of the Modified Manchester Health Questionnaire in Assessing Patients With Fecal Incontinence , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[726]  N. Ade-Ajayi,et al.  Caecal flap conduit for antegrade continence enemas , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[727]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[728]  E. Ganotakis,et al.  Impairment of anorectal function in diabetes mellitus parallels duration of disease , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[729]  E. Soffer,et al.  Manometric tests of anorectal function in healthy adults , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[730]  F. Penninckx Fecal incontinence: Indications for repairing the anal sphincter , 1992, World journal of surgery.

[731]  L. Siproudhis,et al.  Defecation Disorders: A French Population Survey , 2006, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[732]  E. Salvati,et al.  Perineal repair of rectal procidentia with an elastic fabric sling , 1980, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[733]  P. Cooper,et al.  Comparison of two skin care regimes for incontinence. , 2001, British journal of nursing.

[734]  W. Foley,et al.  Sonography of anorectal, rectal, and perirectal abnormalities. , 2002, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[735]  M. Swash,et al.  Contribution of the pudendal nerve to sensation of the distal rectum , 2005, The British journal of surgery.

[736]  M. Valdovinos,et al.  Extended Two-Year Results of Radio-Frequency Energy Delivery for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence (the Secca Procedure) , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[737]  H. Ruppin Review: loperamide—a potent antidiarrhoeal drug with actions along the alimentary tract , 1987, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[738]  A. Wald Biofeedback for Neurogenic Fecal Incontinence: Rectal Sensation Is a Determinant of Outcome , 1983, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[739]  F. Mion,et al.  Postdelivery anal function in primiparous females , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[740]  P. Bossuyt,et al.  Impact of faecal incontinence severity on health domains , 2005, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[741]  J. D. Rosin,et al.  Imperforate anus and ectopic orifices in adult patients , 1978, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[742]  P. Esposito,et al.  Total anorectal reconstruction with an artificial bowel sphincter: Report of five cases with a minimum follow‐up of 6 months , 2002 .

[743]  R. Motson,et al.  Results of Parks operation for faecal incontinence after anal sphincter injury. , 1983, British medical journal.

[744]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Rectal compliance as a routine measurement , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[745]  D. Faltin,et al.  Anal incontinence in women with third or fourth degree perineal tears and subsequent vaginal deliveries , 2000, The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology.

[746]  M. Behan,et al.  Randomized clinical trial of intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback physiotherapy with intra-anal electromyographic biofeedback augmented with electrical stimulation of the anal sphincter in the early treatment of postpartum fecal incontinence. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[747]  K. Matzel,et al.  Innovations in Fecal Incontinence: Sacral Nerve Stimulation , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[748]  M. Keighley Re‐routing procedures for ectopic anus in the adult , 1986, The British journal of surgery.

[749]  M. Pescatori,et al.  Double flap technique to reconstruct the anal canal after concurrent surgery for fistulae, abscesses and haemorrhoids , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[750]  M. Kamm,et al.  Sphincteroplasty for incontinence after surgery for idiopathic fistula in ano , 1997, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[751]  A. Kivisaari,et al.  Anal incontinence: diagnosis by endoanal US or endovaginal MRI , 2004, European Radiology.

[752]  G. Hosker,et al.  Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. , 2012, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[753]  F. Seow-Choen,et al.  Lateral sphincterotomy compared with anal advancement flap for chronic anal fissure , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[754]  A. Thorpe,et al.  Pelvic floor physiology in women with faecal incontinence and urinary symptoms , 1995, The British journal of surgery.

[755]  R. E. Burke,et al.  Mammalian Motor Units: Physiological-Histochemical Correlation in Three Types in Cat Gastrocnemius , 1971, Science.

[756]  H. Meshkinpour,et al.  Clinical value of anorectal manometry index in neurogenic fecal incontinence , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[757]  John R. Christiansen,et al.  Long-term results of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe anal incontinence. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[758]  Y. Arabi,et al.  Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure. , 1977, American journal of surgery.

[759]  M. Kamm,et al.  Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma , 2000, The Lancet.

[760]  D. Schoetz,et al.  Manometric assessment of patients with obstetric injuries and fecal incontinence , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[761]  J. Charnley Long-Term Clinical Results , 1979 .

[762]  S. Wexner,et al.  Anal pressure vectography is of no apparent benefit for sphincter evaluation , 1994, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[763]  D. M. Preston,et al.  The balloon proctogram , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[764]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Anal sphincter reconstruction in the elderly: Does advancing age affect outcome? , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[765]  M. Henry,et al.  Natural history of anterior mucosal prolapse , 1987, British Journal of Surgery.

[766]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Long-term results of haemorrhoidectomy. , 2002, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[767]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Anorectal physiology measurement: Report of a working party , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[768]  N. Read,et al.  Ano‐rectal activity in man during rectal infusion of saline: a dynamic assessment of the anal continence mechanism. , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[769]  Bellissant,et al.  Effects of cholinergic agents on anorectal physiology , 1998, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[770]  F. Spaans,et al.  Follow-up of anal dynamic graciloplasty for fecal continence , 1993, World Journal of Surgery.

[771]  M. Kamm,et al.  Abnormal visceral autonomic innervation in neurogenic faecal incontinence. , 1993, Gut.

[772]  A. Malouf,et al.  A prospective audit of fistula‐in‐ano at St. Mark’s hospital , 2002, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[773]  C. Norton Nurses, Bowel Continence, Stigma, and Taboos , 2004, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[774]  C. Dejong,et al.  Sacral Neuromodulation in Patients With Fecal Incontinence: A Single-Center Study , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[775]  M. Kamm,et al.  Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. , 1993 .

[776]  J. Poloniecki,et al.  Preliminary evaluation of an injectable anal sphincter bulking agent (Durasphere) in the management of faecal incontinence , 2003, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[777]  M. Paraiso,et al.  Outcome of sphincteroplasty combined with surgery for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[778]  M. Swash,et al.  The anal reflex in idiopathic faecal incontinence; an electrophysiological study , 1980, The British journal of surgery.

[779]  P. Bossuyt,et al.  Diagnostic work-up for faecal incontinence in daily clinical practice in the Netherlands. , 2005, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[780]  A. Brading,et al.  Distribution of nitric oxide synthase containing neurons in the rectal myenteric plexus and anal canal , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[781]  I. Finlay,et al.  Manual dilatation of the anus , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[782]  M. Kamm,et al.  Internal anal sphincter repair , 1997, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[783]  M. Swash,et al.  Relation between perineal descent and pudendal nerve damage in idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1987, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[784]  Tjandra,et al.  Anorectal physiological testing before and after a successful sphincter repair: a prospective study , 2000, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[785]  M. Kamm,et al.  Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[786]  M. Swash,et al.  Perineal nerve and transcutaneous spinal stimulation: new methods for investigation of the urethral striated sphincter musculature. , 1984, British journal of urology.

[787]  T. Iwama,et al.  Self washout method for defecational complaints following low anterior rectal resection , 1989, The Japanese journal of surgery.

[788]  N. Stolf,et al.  Rectal sphincter reconstruction in perineal colostomies after abdominoperineal resection for cancer , 1976, The British journal of surgery.

[789]  J. Benson,et al.  Physiologic evaluation of the anorectum , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[790]  A. Peña Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty as a secondary operation for the treatment of fecal incontinence. , 1983, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[791]  M. I. Lewis Gracilis-muscle transplant for the correction of anal incontinence: Report of a Case , 1972, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[792]  C. Bartram,et al.  Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[793]  M. Dijkers,et al.  Predicting bowel and bladder continence from cognitive status in geriatric rehabilitation patients. , 1994, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

[794]  M. Kamm,et al.  Perineal examination as a predictor of underlying external anal sphincter damage , 1997, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[795]  G. Costamagna,et al.  Sacral Neuromodulation in Treatment of Fecal Incontinence Following Anterior Resection and Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[796]  M. Swash,et al.  Slowed motor conduction in lumbosacral nerve roots in cauda equina lesions: a new diagnostic technique. , 1986, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[797]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Relation between electromyography and anal manometry of the external anal sphincter. , 1991, Gut.

[798]  M. Swash,et al.  Longitudinal fibre splitting in neurogenic muscular disorders--its relation to the pathogenesis of "myopathic" change. , 1976, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[799]  Review article: the history of hypnotherapy and its role in the irritable bowel syndrome , 2005, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[800]  P. Arhan,et al.  Biofeedback re-education of faecal continence in children , 1994, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[801]  G. P. Herbison,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[802]  E. Cavina,et al.  Perineal colostomy and electrostimulated gracilis “neosphincter” after abdomino-perineal resection of the colon and anorectum: a surgical experience and follow-up study in 47 cases , 1990, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[803]  I. Petersén,et al.  Electromyographic study of the striated muscles of the male urethra. , 1955, British journal of urology.

[804]  E. Weiss,et al.  Variation in pudendal nerve terminal motor latency according to disease , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[805]  M. Swash,et al.  Ultrastructural changes in internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence. , 1988, Gut.

[806]  G. Androulakis,et al.  Implantation of microballoons in the management of fecal incontinence , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[807]  S. Skinner,et al.  A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Placement of the Artificial Bowel Sphincter (Acticon Neosphincter) for the Control of Fecal Incontinence , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[808]  B. Krevsky,et al.  Colonic transit scintigraphy. A physiologic approach to the quantitative measurement of colonic transit in humans. , 1986, Gastroenterology.

[809]  O. Rasmussen,et al.  Rectal compliance in the assessment of patients with fecal incontinence , 1990, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[810]  P. Enck,et al.  Effects of cisapride on ano‐rectal sphincter function , 1989, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[811]  W. Whitehead,et al.  AGA technical review on anorectal testing techniques. , 1999, Gastroenterology.

[812]  H. Fukuda,et al.  Location of the reflex centre for straining elicited by activation of pelvic afferent fibres of decerebrate dogs , 1986, Brain Research.

[813]  M. Kamm,et al.  Vaginal endosonography , 1994, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[814]  M. Corman Management of fecal incontinence by gracilis muscle transposition , 1979, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[815]  Elly A. Hassink,et al.  Are Adults Content or Continent After Repair for High Anal Atresia? A Long‐term Follow‐up Study in Patients 18 Years of Age and Older , 1993, Annals of surgery.

[816]  C. MacArthur,et al.  Faecal incontinence after childbirth , 1997, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[817]  B. T. Engel,et al.  Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of fecal incontinence. , 1974, The New England journal of medicine.

[818]  K. Ewe,et al.  Influence of loperamide and loperamide oxide on the anal sphincter , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[819]  E. Weiss,et al.  Overlapping sphincteroplasty: does preservation of the scar influence immediate outcome? , 2002, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[820]  D. Merton,et al.  Fecal incontinence: transvaginal US evaluation of anatomic causes. , 1996, Radiology.

[821]  Lise,et al.  Artificial bowel sphincter (ABS) for severe faecal incontinence: a clinical and manometric study , 2000, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[822]  G. Tougas,et al.  A randomized‐controlled trial comparing an educational intervention alone vs education and biofeedback in the management of faecal incontinence in women , 2005, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[823]  C. MacArthur,et al.  Health after childbirth , 1991, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[824]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Decreased sensitivity of muscarinic but not 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptors of the internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[825]  M. Gamerre,et al.  Frequency of Persistent Anal Symptoms After First Instrumental Delivery , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[826]  T. Wagner,et al.  Evaluating an Incontinence Intervention in Nursing Home Residents , 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[827]  M. Kamm,et al.  Unwanted anal penetration as a physical cause of faecal incontinence. , 1995, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[828]  J. Gardosi,et al.  RANDOMISED, CONTROLLED TRIAL OF SQUATTING IN THE SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR , 1989, The Lancet.

[829]  N. Read,et al.  The role of transient internal sphincter relaxation in faecal incontinence? , 1990, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[830]  J. Roppolo,et al.  The organization of pudendal motoneurons and primary afferent projections in the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey revealed by horseradish peroxidase , 1985, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[831]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca® Procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence , 2003, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[832]  S. Wexner,et al.  Anorectal manometry: techniques and clinical applications. , 1993, Southern medical journal.

[833]  C. Bartram,et al.  Anal endosonography: Technique and normal anatomy , 2005, Gastrointestinal Radiology.

[834]  P. Mollard,et al.  Physiopathology of megarectum: the association of megarectum with encopresis. , 1976, Gut.

[835]  N. Williams,et al.  Comparison of epineural or intramuscular nerve electrodes for stimulated graciloplasty , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[836]  B. George,et al.  Anal ultrasound predicts the response to nonoperative treatment of fecal incontinence in men. , 1999, Annals of surgery.

[837]  N. Read,et al.  Why do patients with faecal impaction have faecal incontinence. , 1986, Gut.

[838]  H. Stone,et al.  RESULTS WITH THE FASCIA PLASTIC OPERATION FOR ANAL INCONTINENCE , 1941, Annals of surgery.

[839]  J. Macleod Biofeedback in the management of partial anal incontinence: A preliminary report , 1979, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[840]  Ahmed Shark Pelvic double-sphincter control complex Theory of pelvic organ continence with clinical application , 1984 .

[841]  M. Kamm,et al.  Double-blind crossover study of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[842]  J. Christiansen,et al.  A study of the physiological variation in anal manometry , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[843]  A. Thorson,et al.  Normal variation in anorectal manometry , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[844]  B. Hancock Measurement of anal pressure and motility. , 1976, Gut.

[845]  E. Warshaw,et al.  Clinical and cost effectiveness of a cleanser protectant lotion for treatment of perineal skin breakdown in low-risk patients with incontinence. , 2002, Ostomy/wound management.

[846]  E. Grant,et al.  Randomized trial of internal anal sphincter plication with pelvic floor repair for neuropathic fecal incontinence , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[847]  M. Kamm,et al.  Prospective Assessment of the Clinical Value of Anorectal Investigations , 2000, Digestion.

[848]  A. Thorson,et al.  A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[849]  M. Swash,et al.  Damage to the innervation of the pelvic floor musculature in chronic constipation. , 1985, Gastroenterology.

[850]  S. Wexner,et al.  The Stimulated Gracilis Neosphincter for Fecal Incontinence: A New Use for an Old Concept , 1996, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[851]  D. Castell,et al.  Radiofrequency energy delivery to the gastroesophageal junction for the treatment of GERD. , 2001, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[852]  P. Enck,et al.  Age and sex and anorectal manometry in incontinence , 1989, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[853]  D. Bartolo,et al.  What is the best way of measuring perineal descent? A comparison of radiographic and clinical methods , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[854]  G. Lindberg,et al.  Biofeedback training in patients with fecal incontinence , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[855]  J. Trounce Clinical pharmacology for nurses , 1979 .

[856]  E. Hedblom,et al.  A comparison of cost and efficacy of three incontinence skin barrier products. , 2004, Ostomy/Wound Management.

[857]  L. Melton,et al.  Prevalence and burden of fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. , 2005, Gastroenterology.

[858]  M. Kamm,et al.  Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction , 2002, Gut.

[859]  D. Bartolo,et al.  The role of partial denervation of the puborectalis in idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1983, The British journal of surgery.

[860]  R. Farouk,et al.  Internal anal sphincter dysfunction in neurogenic faecal incontinence , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[861]  J. Laméris,et al.  External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[862]  S. Meuwissen,et al.  Soiling: anorectal function and results of treatment , 2005, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[863]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Anal sphincter reconstruction: Anterior overlapping muscle repair , 1991, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[864]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[865]  R. Farouk,et al.  The use of endoluminal ultrasound in the assessment of patients with faecal incontinence. , 1994, Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.

[866]  K. Matzel,et al.  Chronic sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: Long-term results with foramen and cuff electrodes , 2001, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[867]  W. Lewis,et al.  Recovery of physiologic and clinical function after low anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma: Myth or reality? , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[868]  E. Weiss,et al.  Anal ultrasound and endosonographic measurement of perineal body thickness: a new evaluation for fecal incontinence in females , 2004, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[869]  G. L. Engel,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of dynamic graciloplasty in patients with fecal incontinence , 1998, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[870]  A. Wald Biofeedback therapy for fecal incontinence. , 1981, Annals of internal medicine.

[871]  D. Utley,et al.  Radio-Frequency Energy Delivery to the Anal Canal for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[872]  M. Cuesta,et al.  Anal endosonography: Relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests , 1992, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[873]  M. Keighley,et al.  Manometric evaluation of rectal prolapse and faecal incontinence. , 1981, Gut.

[874]  K. Geboes,et al.  Gastrointestinal disorders in old age. , 1977, Age and ageing.

[875]  Nicholas J. Talley,et al.  U. S. Householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders , 1993, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[876]  M. Henry,et al.  Clinical assessment and anorectal manometry before postanal repair: Failure to predict outcome , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[877]  A. Macario,et al.  Cost‐Effectiveness of a Trial of Labor After Previous Cesarean , 2001, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[878]  M. Swash,et al.  Effects of aging on the anorectal sphincters and their innervation , 1989 .

[879]  M. Kamm,et al.  Effect of pregnancy on anal sphincter morphology and function , 1993, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[880]  H. Kiesswetter Mucosal sensory threshold of urinary bladder and urethra measured electrically. , 1977, Urologia internationalis.

[881]  R. Kao,et al.  Latissimus dorsi as a functioning synchronously paced muscle component in the repair of a left ventricular aneurysm. , 1986, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[882]  W. Graf,et al.  Randomized clinical trial comparing conservative and surgical treatment of neurogenic faecal incontinence , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[883]  A. Sultan,et al.  Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review & national practice survey , 2002, BMC health services research.

[884]  M. Swash,et al.  Pathogenesis of ano-rectal incontinence A histometric study of the anal sphincter musculature , 1979, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[885]  J. Christiansen,et al.  Clinical assessment of the anal continence plug , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[886]  A. Brading,et al.  Nerve mediated relaxation of the human internal anal sphincter: the role of nitric oxide. , 1993, Gut.

[887]  M. Zavala,et al.  Endoanal sonography in assessment of fecal incontinence following obstetric trauma , 2003 .

[888]  J. Ouslander,et al.  Incontinence Among Elderly Community‐Dwelling Dementia Patients , 1990, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[889]  D. Lubowski,et al.  Long‐term follow‐up of dynamic graciloplasty for faecal incontinence , 2004, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[890]  J. Crocker,et al.  Breaking the Cycle of Stigmatization: Managing the Stigma of Incontinence in Social Interactions , 2005, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[891]  W. Isbister,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty: a small and salutary experience. , 2000, Annals of Saudi medicine.

[892]  H. Duthie,et al.  Force in the anal canal and anal continence. , 1967, Gut.

[893]  M. Pescatori,et al.  Delorme's operation and sphincteroplasty for rectal prolapse and fecal incontinence , 1998, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[894]  K. Deen,et al.  Randomized trial comparing three forms of pelvic floor repair for neuropathic faecal incontinence , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[895]  C. Baeten Safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence , 2000 .

[896]  D. Kramer,et al.  The Rectal Trumpet: Use of a Nasopharyngeal Airway to Contain Fecal Incontinence in Critically Ill Patients , 2002, Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society.

[897]  J. Morrison,et al.  New method for the dynamic assessment of anorectal function in constipation , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[898]  C. O'Herlihy,et al.  The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women , 1997 .

[899]  G. Duthie,et al.  Normal Female Anal Sphincter , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[900]  R. Tagart The anal canal and rectum , 1966, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[901]  J. Watson Medical-Surgical Nursing and Related Physiology , 1972 .

[902]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Flap‐Valve theory of anorectal continence , 1986, The British journal of surgery.

[903]  M. Jesel,et al.  Electromyography of Striated Muscle of Anal and Urethral Sphincters , 1973 .

[904]  S. Laurberg,et al.  Colorectal function in patients with spinal cord lesions , 1997, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[905]  R. Gilmour,et al.  The enema continence catheter in spina bifida: successful bowel management. , 1987, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[906]  M. Swash,et al.  A neurogenic factor in faecal incontinence in the elderly. , 1982, Age and ageing.

[907]  N. Read,et al.  Anorectal function in elderly patients with fecal impaction. , 1985, Gastroenterology.

[908]  L. Hovelius,et al.  Report of Five Cases , 1977 .

[909]  E Stålberg,et al.  Motor unit fibre density in the extensor digitorum communis muscle. Single fibre electromyographic study in normal subjects at different ages. , 1975, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[910]  A. Bharucha Outcome measures for fecal incontinence: anorectal structure and function. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[911]  J. Murray,et al.  Can manometric parameters predict response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence? , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[912]  Clare J. Fowler,et al.  Incontinence: Causes, Management and Provision of Services , 1995, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London.

[913]  S. Mchugh,et al.  Effect of age, gender, and parity on anal canal pressures , 1987, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[914]  R. Jakesz,et al.  Treatment of fecal incontinence by temporary sacral nerve stimulation , 2004, European Surgery.

[915]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Balloon sphincterography , 1988, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[916]  J. Melzak,et al.  Experimental study of the reflex mechanism controlling the muscles of the pelvic floor , 1962, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[917]  D. Nyam,et al.  Long-term results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to incidence of fecal incontinence , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[918]  M. Swash,et al.  Motor conduction velocity in the human spinal cord: slowed conduction in multiple sclerosis and radiation myelopathy. , 1985, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[919]  D. Schoetz,et al.  Sphincter repair with a Silastic® sling for anal incontinence and rectal procidentia , 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[920]  R. Rogers,et al.  Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration: a randomized trial of two surgical techniques. , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[921]  G. Barišić,et al.  Outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair after 3 months and after a mean of 80 months , 2004, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[922]  N. Read,et al.  Differences in anal function in patients with incontinence to solids and in patients with incontinence to liquids , 1984, The British journal of surgery.

[923]  B. Hancock,et al.  The internal sphincter and Lord's procedure for haemorrhoids , 1975, The British journal of surgery.

[924]  A. Habets,et al.  Dynamic graciloplasty for treatment of faecal incontinence , 1991, The Lancet.

[925]  F. Lazorthes,et al.  Resection of the rectum with construction of a colonic reservoir and colo‐anal anastomosis for carcinoma of the rectum , 1986, The British journal of surgery.

[926]  M. Swash,et al.  Increase in pudendal nerve terminal motor latency with defaecation straining , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[927]  W. Whitehead,et al.  External anal sphincter response to rectal distention: learned response or reflex. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[928]  M. A. Kamm,et al.  Effect of acute changes in sacral nerve stimulation amplitude on anorectal function in faecal incontinence , 2000, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[929]  M. Kamm,et al.  Factors affecting continence after surgery for anal fistula , 1994, The British journal of surgery.

[930]  M. Swash,et al.  INJURY TO INNERVATION OF PELVIC FLOOR SPHINCTER MUSCULATURE IN CHILDBIRTH , 1984, The Lancet.

[931]  Mahendra Somasundaram,et al.  New Developments in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology. , 1974 .

[932]  Victor Abraira,et al.  Artificial Anal Sphincter , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[933]  D. Bartolo,et al.  The cutaneo‐anal reflex: A useful index of neuropathy? , 1983, The British journal of surgery.

[934]  K W Heaton,et al.  Defecation frequency and timing, and stool form in the general population: a prospective study. , 1992, Gut.

[935]  A. Weber,et al.  Fecal Incontinence in Women With Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse , 1997, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[936]  G. Burnstock,et al.  Adrenergic control of the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence , 1990, The British journal of surgery.

[937]  A. Klauser,et al.  Low fluid intake lowers stool output in healthy male volunteers. , 1990, Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie.

[938]  Silberberg Fg A hospital study of a new absorbent bed pad for incontinent patients. , 1977 .

[939]  M. Keighley,et al.  Relationship of proctitis and rectal capacity in Crohn's disease. , 1980, Gut.

[940]  D. Bartolo,et al.  Prospective study of conservative and operative treatment for faecal incontinence , 1988, The British journal of surgery.

[941]  L. Påhlman,et al.  Randomized comparison of straight and colonic J pouch anastomosis after low anterior resection. , 1996, Annals of surgery.

[942]  A. Mellgren,et al.  Long-term cost of fecal incontinence secondary to obstetric injuries , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[943]  M. Swash,et al.  Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. , 1985, The British journal of surgery.

[944]  A. Shelton,et al.  Defining anal incontinence: Establishing a uniform continence scale , 1997 .

[945]  G A Coutts,et al.  MR imaging of the anal sphincter in multiparous women using an endoanal coil: correlation with in vitro anatomy and appearances in fecal incontinence. , 1996, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[946]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Overlapping anal sphincter repair for faecal incontinence due to sphincter trauma: five year follow-up functional results , 1994, International Journal of Colorectal Disease.

[947]  J. Toouli,et al.  Postanal repair for faecal incontinence: long-term follow-up. , 1997, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[948]  J Christiansen,et al.  Treatment of anal incontinence by an implantable prosthetic anal sphincter. , 1992, Annals of surgery.

[949]  T Tillin,et al.  Outcomes of electrically stimulated gracilis neosphincter surgery. , 2005, Health technology assessment.

[950]  H. Duthie Progress report. Anal continence. , 1971, Gut.

[951]  A. Lowry,et al.  Openvs. closed sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure , 1996, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[952]  M. Kamm,et al.  Non-surgical management of faecal incontinence. , 2001, Hospital medicine.

[953]  A. Grant,et al.  Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: randomised controlled trial , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[954]  R. Audisio,et al.  Use of vector volume manometry and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging in the adult female for assessment of anal sphincter dysfunction , 1999, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[955]  J. Fleshman,et al.  Fecal incontinence quality of life scale , 2000, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[956]  R. Madoff Surgical treatment options for fecal incontinence. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[957]  B. Vonen,et al.  Anal Incontinence After Obstetric Sphincter Tears: Outcome of Anatomic Primary Repairs , 2005, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[958]  G. Creasey,et al.  An implantable neuroprosthesis for restoring bladder and bowel control to patients with spinal cord injuries: a multicenter trial. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[959]  F. Penninckx Belgian experience with dynamic graciloplasty for faecal incontinence , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[960]  P. gordon,et al.  A classification of fistula‐in‐ano , 1976 .

[961]  D. Rothenberger,et al.  Balloon topography , 1986, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[962]  M. Kamm,et al.  Topical phenylephrine increases anal sphincter resting pressure: A possible treatment for faecal incontinence , 1998 .

[963]  S. Wexner,et al.  Etiology and management of fecal incontinence , 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[964]  Henry Mm Pathogenesis and management of fecal incontinence in the adult. , 1987 .