Exposure to pornography among youth in Australia

Youth in Australia are routinely exposed to sexually explicit images. Among 16- and 17-year-olds, three-quarters of boys and one-tenth of girls have ever watched an X-rated movie. Three-quarters of 16- and 17-year-olds have been exposed accidentally to pornographic websites, while 38 percent of boys and 2 percent of girls have deliberately accessed them. Internet pornography is a particularly pervasive source of minors’ exposure to pornography, both accidental and deliberate. Two features of children’s exposure to pornography mirror those among adults. First, males are more likely to seek out, and are more frequent consumers of, both X-rated movies and pornographic websites. Second, Internet users of any age find it difficult to avoid unwanted encounters with sexually explicit materials.

[1]  C. Hamilton,et al.  Youth and pornography in Australia: evidence on the extent of exposure and likely effects , 2003 .

[2]  M. Heins.  Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency," Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth , 2001 .

[3]  L. Harrison,et al.  Gendered (s)explorations among same-sex attracted young people in Australia. , 2001, Journal of adolescence.

[4]  G. Dines,et al.  Pornography: The Production and Consumption of Inequality , 1997 .

[5]  J. Levine,et al.  Harmful To Minors: The Perils Of Protecting Children From Sex , 2002 .

[6]  J. Coleman,et al.  Teenage Sexuality: Health, Risk and Education , 1998 .

[7]  V. Rideout,et al.  How young people use the Internet for health information. , 2001, Public health reports.

[8]  Michael Flood.  Pathways to Manhood: The social and sexual ordering of young men's lives , 2002 .

[9]  S. Livingstone,et al.  UK children go online: surveying the experiences of young people and their parents , 2004 .

[10]  C. Hamilton,et al.  Regulating youth access to pornography , 2003 .

[11]  S. Feldman,et al.  The importance of importance: adolescents' perceptions of parental communication about sexuality. , 1999, Journal of adolescence.

[12]  A. Levy.  Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture , 2005 .

[13]  J. Wolak,et al.  The Exposure Of Youth To Unwanted Sexual Material On The Internet , 2003 .

[14]  C. Rissel,et al.  Sex in Australia: Autoerotic, esoteric and other sexual practices engaged in by a representative sample of adults , 2003, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[15]  M. Pitts,et al.  Secondary Students and Sexual Health 2002 Results of the 3 rd National Survey of Australian Secondary Students, HIV/AIDS and Sexual Health , 2003 .

[16]  Ellen Wartella,et al.  Measuring the Effects of Sexual Content in the Media: A Report to the Kaiser Family Foundation. , 1998 .

[17]  Ran Wei,et al.  Third-Person Effect , Gender , and Pornography on the lnternet , 2006 .

[18]  R. Delgado,et al.  The Price We Pay: The Case Against Racist Speech, Hate Propaganda, and Pornography , 1995 .

[19]  J. Goldman.  Sexuality education for teenagers in the new millenium , 2000 .

[20]  Herbert S. Lin,et al.  Youth, Pornography, and the Internet , 2002 .

[21]  D. Kendall,et al.  Pornography: Group pressures and individual rights , 1996 .

[22]  H. Hathaway.  Adolescent sexual behaviour , 1984 .

[23]  Ven-Hwei Lo,et al.  Third-Person Effect, Gender, and Pornography on the lnternet , 2002 .

[24]  Lynne Hillier,et al.  It's just easier: The Internet as a safety-net for same sex attracted young people , 2001 .

[25]  Cecilia von Feilitzen,et al.  Children in the New Media Landscape: Games, Pornography, Perceptions. Children and Media Violence Yearbook, 2000. , 2000 .

[26]  M. Becker.  The Legitimacy of Judicial Review in Speech Cases, The Price We Pay: The Case Against Hate Speech, Racist Propaganda, and Pornography 208 (Richard Delgado & Laura Lederer, eds., Hill and Wang, 1995). , 1995 .

[27]  Brian McNair,et al.  Mediated Sex: Pornography and Postmodern Culture , 1996 .

[28]  Janet Stanley,et al.  Child Abuse and the Internet , 2001 .

[29]  Neil M. Malamuth,et al.  Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Are There Reliable Effects and Can We Understand Them? , 2000, Annual review of sex research.