Bio-compatible bio-fuel cells for medical devices

Abstract Due to increasing human health disorders like diabetes, heart rate fluctuations, and different ocular complications, implantable medical devices (IMD) and wearable devices are continuously developed. These can be used not only in medical facilities but also at work stations and homes. The main focus is to develop comfortable and economical medical devices. For this, bio-compatible bio-fuel cells have been employed for power generation and to overcome the replacement issues. The category of bio-chemical and electrode reaction plays an important role to classify the fuel cells (FC). These may include an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC), precious metal FC or a microbial fuel cell (MFC). EBFC can be seen effectively applied to pacemakers and glucometers due to their high activity within mild conditions. However, the short life span is still a major challenge. In this review article, we have discussed the earlier researches in the field of implantable medical devices utilizing enzymes, precious metals, and microorganism as catalysts. Moreover, we have critically discussed various applications of FCs for in-vitro medical devices i.e. glucometer, alcohol testers, wound treatment device, and more. Safety is the foremost concern in these devices. Along with this, special attention has been given to recently developed optical contact lenses as an alternative to glucometers. The fuel cell implantations is at the early stages of testing and the results have been in the favor of commercializing these devices.