Nano lab-on-chip systems for biomedical and environmental monitoring

In recent years, nano lab-on-chip (NLOC) has emerged as a powerful tool for biosensing and an active area of research particularly in DNA genetic and genetic related investigations. Compared with conventional sensing techniques, distinctive advantages of using NLOC for biomedicine and other related area include ultra-high sensitivity, higher throughput, in-situ monitoring and lower cost. This review aims to summarize recent  advancements in two major types of NLOC sensing approaches, label and labelled free NLOC, as well as their biomedical applications. The state-of-the-art on how these sensors interface with nano/microfluidics is then presented and the latest papers in the area summarized and also proposal to develop compact NLOC with four different sensing elements with two different mechanisms, common and separate padding is prospected. Keywords: Nano lab-on-chip, in-situ, nano/microfluidics, sensors, DNA African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(36), pp. 5486-5495

[1]  Kunquan Hong,et al.  Diameter control of tungsten oxide nanowires as grown by thermal evaporation , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[2]  I. Mezić,et al.  Chaotic Mixer for Microchannels , 2002, Science.

[3]  Shah,et al.  Electrochemical principles for active control of liquids on submillimeter scales , 1999, Science.

[4]  C. Kessler.  Nonradioactive Labeling and Detection of Biomolecules , 1992, Springer Laboratory.

[5]  Herbert Harttig,et al.  An Evaporation-Based Disposable Micropump Concept for Continuous Monitoring Applications , 2002 .

[6]  Bruce K. Gale,et al.  Applications, techniques, and microfluidic interfacing for nanoscale biosensing , 2009 .

[7]  Andrew J deMello,et al.  Micro- and nanofluidic systems for high-throughput biological screening. , 2009, Drug discovery today.

[8]  Takehiko Kitamori,et al.  Microchip-based cell analysis and clinical diagnosis system. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[9]  Gravity-Driven Micropump with a Steady Flow Rate , 2002 .

[10]  Gengfeng Zheng,et al.  Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[11]  Paul Yager,et al.  Molecular diffusive scaling laws in pressure-driven microfluidic channels: deviation from one-dimensional Einstein approximations , 2002 .

[12]  H. Radamson,et al.  Sidewall transfer lithography for reliable fabrication of nanowires and deca-nanometer MOSFETs , 2008 .

[13]  N Balasubramanian,et al.  DNA sensing by silicon nanowire: charge layer distance dependence. , 2008, Nano letters.

[14]  Shuichi Takayama,et al.  Reversible switching of high-speed air-liquid two-phase flows using electrowetting-assisted flow-pattern change. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  B. Finlayson,et al.  Quantitative analysis of molecular interaction in a microfluidic channel: the T-sensor. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  Castellanos,et al.  Fluid flow induced by nonuniform ac electric fields in electrolytes on microelectrodes. I. Experimental measurements , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[17]  Huan‐Xiang Zhou,et al.  Disparate ionic‐strength dependencies of on and off rates in protein–protein association , 2001, Biopolymers.

[18]  Philippe Marmottant,et al.  A bubble-driven microfluidic transport element for bioengineering. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  Y. Im,et al.  Fabrication of ZnO nanowires using nanoscale spacer lithography for gas sensors. , 2008, Small.

[20]  Luke P. Lee,et al.  Microfluidics-based systems biology. , 2006, Molecular bioSystems.

[21]  W. Chim,et al.  Fabrication of Silicon Nanowires with Precise Diameter Control Using Metal Nanodot Arrays as a Hard Mask Blocking Material in Chemical Etching , 2010 .

[22]  Fred J Sigworth,et al.  Importance of the Debye screening length on nanowire field effect transistor sensors. , 2007, Nano letters.

[23]  J. G. E. Gardeniers,et al.  Lab-On-A-Chip Systems For Biomedical And Environmental Monitoring , 2003, Int. J. Comput. Eng. Sci..

[24]  K. Ramanathan,et al.  Bioaffinity sensing using biologically functionalized conducting-polymer nanowire. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[25]  Shuichi Takayama,et al.  Gravity-driven microhydrodynamics-based cell sorter (microHYCS) for rapid, inexpensive, and efficient cell separation and size-profiling , 2002, 2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings (Cat. No.02EX578).

[26]  Chang-JinCJ Kim,et al.  Valveless pumping using traversing vapor bubbles in microchannels , 1998 .

[27]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Experimental and theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive broadening in two-phase laminar flows in microchannels , 2000 .

[28]  Hengzi Wang,et al.  Optimizing layout of obstacles for enhanced mixing in microchannels , 2002 .

[29]  A. deMello,et al.  Quantitative detection of protein expression in single cells using droplet microfluidics. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[30]  T. Johnson,et al.  Rapid microfluidic mixing. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  Andrew D. Griffiths,et al.  Miniaturizing Chemistry and Biology in Microdroplets , 2007 .

[32]  A. Evans,et al.  Improved characterization technique for micromixers , 1999 .

[33]  Gengfeng Zheng,et al.  Electrical detection of single viruses. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  R. Ghodssi,et al.  Microfluidic systems with on-line UV detection fabricated in photodefinable epoxy , 2001 .

[35]  James R Heath,et al.  Quantitative real-time measurements of DNA hybridization with alkylated nonoxidized silicon nanowires in electrolyte solution. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[36]  L. Lin,et al.  A water-powered micro drug delivery system , 2004, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[37]  Mark A. Reed,et al.  Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires , 2007, Nature.

[38]  Samuel K Sia,et al.  Reagent-loaded cartridges for valveless and automated fluid delivery in microfluidic devices. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[39]  S. Quake,et al.  Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale , 2005 .

[40]  Hong Xiao,et al.  Introduction to Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology , 2000 .

[41]  D. Beebe,et al.  Microfluidic tectonics platform: A colorimetric, disposable botulinum toxin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay system , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[42]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Applications of microfluidics in chemical biology. , 2006, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[43]  A. Pisano,et al.  Water-powered, osmotic microactuator , 2001, Technical Digest. MEMS 2001. 14th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (Cat. No.01CH37090).

[44]  C. Kessler.  General Aspects of Nonradioactive Labeling and Detection , 1992 .

[45]  Fan-Gang Tseng,et al.  Microfluidic Systems for Biosensing , 2010, Sensors.

[46]  Kong,et al.  Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors , 2000, Science.

[47]  Helen Song,et al.  Formation of droplets and mixing in multiphase microfluidics at low values of the Reynolds and the capillary numbers , 2003 .

[48]  Charles M Lieber,et al.  Label-free detection of small-molecule-protein interactions by using nanowire nanosensors. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  Miko Elwenspoek,et al.  Characterization method for a new diffusion mixer applicable in micro flow injection analysis systems , 1999 .

[50]  A. Rennie,et al.  Pumping of water with ac electric fields applied to asymmetric pairs of microelectrodes. , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[51]  Design and process development of silicon nanowire based DNA biosensor using electron beam lithography , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Electronic Design.

[52]  Lars Montelius,et al.  Nanowire Arrays Defined by Nanoimprint Lithography , 2004 .

[53]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Micromachining a Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Chemical Analysis System on a Chip , 1993, Science.

[54]  D. Beebe,et al.  A valved responsive hydrogel microdispensing device with integrated pressure source , 2004, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[55]  Helene Andersson,et al.  Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis. , 2004, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[56]  Joshua D. Tice,et al.  Microfluidic systems for chemical kinetics that rely on chaotic mixing in droplets , 2004, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.