Environmental (S)TEM Studies of Gas–Liquid–Solid Interactions under Reaction Conditions

We review the development of time -resoklved high-resolution environmental scanning/ transmission electron microscopy [E(S)TEM] for directly probing dynamic gas-solid, liquid-solid, and gas-liquid-solid Interactions at the atomic level. Unlike a regular TEM, such a microscope allows us to use high gas pressures (up to 40 mbars) in the sample region. The unique, information!1 avaomable from experiments performed using E(S)TEM has enabled Visualization of the dynamic nature of nanostructures during reactions. Such information can be derectly applied to the development of advanced nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires and processes, including the design of novel routes to polymers synthesis, and has aided in the identification of important phenomena during catalysis, chemical vapor deposition, and electrochemical deposition.

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