Animal Models of Dyssynchrony

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important therapy for patients with heart failure and conduction pathology, but the benefits are heterogeneous between patients and approximately a third of patients do not show signs of clinical or echocardiographic response. This calls for a better understanding of the underlying conduction disease and resynchronization. In this review, we discuss to what extent established and novel animal models can help to better understand the pathophysiology of dyssynchrony and the benefits of CRT.

[1]  Piet Claus,et al.  Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. , 2009, European heart journal.

[2]  Thor Edvardsen,et al.  Evaluation of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony by Onset of Active Myocardial Force Generation: A Novel Method That Differentiates Between Electrical and Mechanical Etiologies , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[3]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[4]  Kevin Vernooy,et al.  Cardiac resynchronization therapy: refocus on the electrical substrate. , 2011, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[5]  G. Dwivedi,et al.  Effects of Left Bundle-Branch Block on Cardiac Structure, Function, Perfusion, and Perfusion Reserve: Implications for Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Versus Radionuclide Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease , 2008, Circulation.

[6]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Remodeling by ventricular pacing in hypertrophying dog hearts. , 2001, Cardiovascular research.

[7]  J. Daubert,et al.  The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[8]  H. Wolpers,et al.  Comparison of the Effects of Right Atrial, Right Ventricular Apex and Atrioventricular Sequential Pacing on Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Cardiac Efficiency: A Laboratory Investigation * , 1988, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[9]  David A. Kass,et al.  Optimal left ventricular endocardial pacing sites for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  D. Kass,et al.  Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Corrects Dyssynchrony-Induced Regional Gene Expression Changes on a Genomic Level , 2008, Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics.

[11]  John L Sapp,et al.  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[12]  Stefano Ghio,et al.  Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[13]  E. McVeigh,et al.  Effects of single- and biventricular pacing on temporal and spatial dynamics of ventricular contraction. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[14]  Per Andreas Norseng,et al.  Mechanism of prolonged electromechanical delay in late activated myocardium during left bundle branch block. , 2011, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[15]  R. Nohara,et al.  Regional Myocardial Perfusion and Glucose Metabolism in Experimental Left Bundle Branch Block , 1992, Circulation.

[16]  F. Prinzen,et al.  A new paradigm for physiologic ventricular pacing. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[17]  小野 晋司.  Regional myocardial perfusion and glucose metabolism in experimental left bundle branch block , 1993 .

[18]  Theo Arts,et al.  Relation between local myocardial growth and blood flow during chronic ventricular pacing. , 2002, Cardiovascular research.

[19]  Catherine Klersy,et al.  Left Ventricular Endocardial Pacing Improves Resynchronization Therapy in Canine Left Bundle-Branch Hearts , 2009, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[20]  F. Bojsen-Møller,et al.  Rabbit heart nodal tissue, sinuatrial ring bundle and atrioventricular connexions indentified as a neuromuscular system. , 1972, Journal of anatomy.

[21]  Frits W Prinzen,et al.  Relation Between the Pacing Induced Sequence of Activation and Left Ventricular Pump Function in Animals , 2002, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[22]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Redistribution of myocardial fiber strain and blood flow by asynchronous activation. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[23]  Kevin Vernooy,et al.  Intra-ventricular resynchronization for optimal left ventricular function during pacing in experimental left bundle branch block. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[24]  D. DeMets,et al.  Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  Nael F Osman,et al.  Three-Dimensional Mapping of Optimal Left Ventricular Pacing Site for Cardiac Resynchronization , 2007, Circulation.

[26]  T. Metens,et al.  Ventricular-arterial uncoupling in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction after myocardial infarction in dogs - invasive versus echocardiographic evaluation , 2010, BMC cardiovascular disorders.

[27]  D. Mann,et al.  Cellular and ventricular contractile dysfunction in experimental canine mitral regurgitation. , 1992, Circulation research.

[28]  W. Gaasch,et al.  Right ventricular pacing reduces the rate of left ventricular relaxation and filling. , 1987, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  E. McVeigh,et al.  Mapping propagation of mechanical activation in the paced heart with MRI tagging. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[30]  A. Waldo.  Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization on Disease Progression in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction, an Indication for an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator, and Mildly Symptomatic Chronic Heart FailureAbraham WT, for the Multicenter InSync ICD II Study Group (Ohio State Univ, Col , 2006 .

[31]  P. Lambiase,et al.  A Simultaneous X-MRI and Non Contact Mapping Study of the Acute Hemodynamic Effect of Left Ventricular Endocardial and Epicardial Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Humans Running Title : Ginks et al : Mechanistic Insights Using Endocardial Pacing In Humans , 2011 .

[32]  Carl J. Wiggers,et al.  THE MUSCULAR REACTIONS OF THE MAMMALIAN VENTRICLES TO ARTIFICIAL SURFACE STIMULI , 1925 .

[33]  Catherine Klersy,et al.  Endocardial Left Ventricular Pacing Improves Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Chronic Asynchronous Infarction and Heart Failure Models , 2012, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[34]  Nicolas Derval,et al.  Optimizing hemodynamics in heart failure patients by systematic screening of left ventricular pacing sites: the lateral left ventricular wall and the coronary sinus are rarely the best sites. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[35]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Asynchronous electrical activation induces asymmetrical hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall. , 1998, Circulation.

[36]  S. Solomon,et al.  Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Reverse Remodeling and Relation to Outcome: Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy , 2010, Circulation.

[37]  F. Prinzen,et al.  Blood flow distributions by microsphere deposition methods. , 2000, Cardiovascular research.

[38]  Bruce Tockman,et al.  Left ventricular resynchronization therapy in a canine model of left bundle branch block. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[39]  F. Prinzen,et al.  Baseline left ventricular dP/dtmax rather than the acute improvement in dP/dtmax predicts clinical outcome in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy , 2011, European journal of heart failure.

[40]  Catherine Klersy,et al.  Myocardial Infarction Does Not Preclude Electrical and Hemodynamic Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Dyssynchronous Canine Hearts , 2010, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[41]  Kevin Vernooy,et al.  Beneficial effects of biventricular pacing in chronically right ventricular paced patients with mild cardiomyopathy. , 2010, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[42]  J. Schroeder,et al.  Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization on Disease Progression in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction, an Indication for an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator, and Mildly Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure , 2004, Circulation.

[43]  F. Prinzen,et al.  Quantification of interventricular asynchrony during LBBB and ventricular pacing. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[44]  D. Kass,et al.  Mechanisms of Enhanced &bgr;-Adrenergic Reserve From Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy , 2009, Circulation.

[45]  F W Prinzen,et al.  The time sequence of electrical and mechanical activation during spontaneous beating and ectopic stimulation. , 1992, European heart journal.

[46]  Y. Hori,et al.  Evaluation of NT-pro BNP and CT-ANP as markers of concentric hypertrophy in dogs with a model of compensated aortic stenosis. , 2008, Journal of veterinary internal medicine.

[47]  F. Prinzen,et al.  Optimization of Ventricular Function by Improving the Activation Sequence During Ventricular Pacing , 1998, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[48]  D. Berman,et al.  A new approach to the assessment of tomographic thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with left bundle branch block. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[49]  Theo Arts,et al.  Cardiac resynchronization therapy cures dyssynchronopathy in canine left bundle-branch block hearts. , 2007, European heart journal.

[50]  P. Tchou,et al.  Nonexcitatory Stimulus Delivery Improves Left Ventricular Function in Hearts with Left Bundle Branch Block , 2002, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[51]  E. Milan,et al.  Effects of left bundle branch block on myocardial FDG PET in patients without significant coronary artery stenoses. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[52]  Reza Razavi,et al.  A Simultaneous X-Ray/MRI and Noncontact Mapping Study of the Acute Hemodynamic Effect of Left Ventricular Endocardial and Epicardial Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Humans , 2011, Circulation. Heart failure.

[53]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Asymmetric thickness of the left ventricular wall resulting from asynchronous electric activation: a study in dogs with ventricular pacing and in patients with left bundle branch block. , 1995, American heart journal.

[54]  Frits W Prinzen,et al.  Left Ventricular Septal and Left Ventricular Apical Pacing Chronically Maintain Cardiac Contractile Coordination, Pump Function and Efficiency , 2009, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[55]  Piet Claus,et al.  Cardiac resynchronization therapy can reverse abnormal myocardial strain distribution in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[56]  Mechanism of Prolonged Electro-Mechanical Delay in Late Activated , 2011 .

[57]  Pier Giorgio Masci,et al.  Myocardial Structural, Perfusion, and Metabolic Correlates of Left Bundle Branch Block Mechanical Derangement in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Tagged Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Positron Emission Tomography Study , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging.

[58]  G. Freeman,et al.  Effect of tachycardia heart failure on the restitution of left ventricular function in closed-chest dogs. , 1995, Circulation.

[59]  R. Bares,et al.  Metabolic mismatch of septal beta-oxidation and glucose utilization in left bundle branch block assessed with PET. , 1995, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[60]  Brian O'Rourke,et al.  Electrophysiological Consequences of Dyssynchronous Heart Failure and Its Restoration by Resynchronization Therapy , 2009, Circulation.

[61]  Sander Verheule,et al.  Alterations in Atrial Electrophysiology and Tissue Structure in a Canine Model of Chronic Atrial Dilatation Due to Mitral Regurgitation , 2003, Circulation.

[62]  W. Stevenson,et al.  Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology: the eagle can land. , 2008, Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology.

[63]  Theo Arts,et al.  Left bundle branch block induces ventricular remodelling and functional septal hypoperfusion. , 2005, European heart journal.