Transport Demand Management Policy Integration in Chinese Cities: A Proposed Analysis of Its Effects

Transport demand management (TDM) measures are widely regarded as essential tools to deal with traffic issues. Their effectiveness has been under scrutiny. Packaging of TDM measures has recently received much attention from researchers and governments because it can achieve more complex policy goals and resolve the negative effects of single TDM measures. Many studies have examined the concept of policy packaging, the ideal packaging process, and potential barriers at the theoretical level. However, the way TDM packaging as a concept works in a real-world context has received little attention. Additionally, there is little methodology to analyse its characteristics from a dynamic and historical perspective. Therefore, this study provides a methodology for analysing TDM packaging in four dimensions (i.e., density, classification, interaction, and time). These dimensions respectively reveal how many and what kind of TDM measures have been implemented, how they interact in a package, and how these characteristics change over time. We examine this methodology through comparative case studies based on policy document analysis in two Chinese cities, Dalian and Shenzhen, both of which adopt a large number of TDM measures. The results show that this methodology successfully reveals the characteristics of case cities: both tend to put more TDM measures into the transport policy package to deal with traffic issues, but the package in Shenzhen is more integrative than that in Dalian. We also find that with the integration of packaging increasing, transport systems are becoming more sustainable, and Shenzhen performs better in this regard than Dalian. This methodology can be used to analyse policy packaging in broader areas and to examine its influence on transport systems in more case studies in future research.

[1]  Charles Abraham,et al.  Can we reduce car use and, if so, how? A review of available evidence , 2011 .

[2]  A. Teytelboym,et al.  Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport , 2010 .

[3]  Moshe Givoni,et al.  A process for designing policy packaging: Ideals and realities , 2014 .

[4]  David Banister,et al.  Pluralistic backcasting: Integrating multiple visions with policy packages for transport climate policy , 2014 .

[5]  Simin Davoudi,et al.  Urban form, policy packaging and sustainable urban metabolism , 2017 .

[6]  Louise Eriksson,et al.  Acceptability of single and combined transport policy measures: The importance of environmental and policy specific beliefs , 2008 .

[7]  Mari Martiskainen,et al.  Policy packaging or policy patching? The development of complex energy efficiency policy mixes , 2017 .

[8]  Ping Qin,et al.  Will a driving restriction policy reduce car trips?—The case study of Beijing, China , 2014 .

[9]  Ronald Rousseau,et al.  Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences , 2002, J. Inf. Sci..

[10]  David Banister,et al.  The sustainable mobility paradigm , 2008 .

[11]  Eran Feitelson,et al.  From Policy Measures to Policy Packages , 2013 .

[12]  B. Wee,et al.  Policy implementation lessons from six road pricing cases , 2014 .

[13]  P. Aggleton,et al.  Using social network analysis to evaluate a complex policy network , 2011 .

[14]  Dominic Stead,et al.  The integration of land use planning, transport and environment in European policy and research , 2003 .

[15]  H. Herring,et al.  Technological innovation, energy efficient design and the rebound effect , 2007 .

[17]  VERYONE HATES Why Traffic Congestion Is Here to Stay . . . and Will Get Worse , 2004 .

[18]  The pace of behaviour change and implications for TDM response lags and monitoring : findings of a retrospective commuter travel survey in Cape Town , 2007 .

[19]  Gustavo Valdivieso,et al.  Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments , 2012 .

[20]  M. Meyer Demand management as an element of transportation policy: using carrots and sticks to influence travel behavior , 1999 .

[21]  Eric N Schreffler,et al.  Understanding Transport Demand Management and Its Role in Delivery of Sustainable Urban Transport , 2010 .

[22]  K. Fichter,et al.  World Business Council for Sustainable Development - WBCSD , 1998 .

[23]  Tan Yigitcanlar,et al.  Rethinking sustainable urban development: towards an integrated planning and development process , 2014, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.

[24]  Stefan Kuhlmann,et al.  Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change , 2007 .

[25]  Hyowon Lee,et al.  Toward the sustainable development of urban areas: An overview of global trends in trials and policies , 2015 .

[26]  P. Schmidt,et al.  Theory‐Driven Subgroup‐Specific Evaluation of an Intervention to Reduce Private Car Use1 , 2001 .

[27]  John Scott Social Network Analysis , 1988 .

[28]  Jesús Zúñiga,et al.  Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments , 2018, Revista Estudiantil Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales.

[29]  Eugene Bardach,et al.  A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving , 2019 .

[30]  Michael Howlett,et al.  Implementing transition management as policy reforms: a case study of the Dutch energy sector , 2009 .

[31]  T. Gärling,et al.  Travel Demand Management Targeting Reduced Private Car Use: Effectiveness, Public Acceptability and Political Feasibility , 2007 .

[32]  P. D. del Río,et al.  The parameters of policy portfolios: verticality and horizontality in design spaces and their consequences for policy mix formulation , 2015 .

[33]  K. Shadan,et al.  Available online: , 2012 .

[34]  H. Rittel,et al.  Dilemmas in a general theory of planning , 1973 .

[35]  R. Macário,et al.  Policy packaging in BRT projects: A methodology for case study analysis , 2014 .

[36]  Peter Loukopoulos,et al.  Mapping the potential consequences of car-use reduction in urban areas , 2004 .

[37]  Karoline S. Rogge,et al.  Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis , 2016 .

[38]  H. Doremus A policy portfolio approach to biodiversity protection on private lands , 2003 .

[39]  D. McNally,et al.  The use of social network analysis , 2006 .

[40]  Ray Reagans,et al.  Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range , 2003 .

[41]  Vladimir Batagelj,et al.  Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek , 2005 .

[42]  P. Lehmann Justifying a Policy Mix for Pollution Control: A Review of Economic Literature , 2012 .

[43]  A. Teytelboym,et al.  Policy Instruments for Sustainable Road Transport , 2010 .

[44]  Araz Taeihagh,et al.  Network-centric policy design , 2017, Policy Sciences.

[45]  Moshe Givoni,et al.  Addressing transport policy challenges through Policy-Packaging , 2014 .

[46]  Janet Dickinson,et al.  Travelling to work: will people move out of their cars , 2001 .

[47]  Linda K. Nozick,et al.  Selection and Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Measures , 1997 .

[48]  F. Kressler,et al.  Strategies to manage barriers in policy formation and implementation of road pricing packages , 2014 .