Phase-locked loops

An attempt to systematically outline the work done in the area of phase-locked loops which are now used in modern communication system design is presented. The analog phase-locked loops are well documented in several books but discrete, analog-digital, and digital. phase-locked loop work is scattered. Apart from discussing the various analysis, design, and application aspects of phase-locked loops, a number of references are given in the bibliography.

[1]  Someshwar C. Gupta,et al.  Threshold Investigation of Phase-Locked Discriminators , 1968, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[2]  R. Pickholtz,et al.  Transient Behavior of a Phase-Locked Loop in the Presence of Noise , 1970 .

[3]  Eberhardt Rechtin,et al.  Design and performance of phase-lock circuits capable of near-optimum performance over a wide range of input signal and noise levels , 1955, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[4]  S. C. Gupta,et al.  Transient Analysis of a Phase-Locked Loop Optimized for a Frequency Ramp Input , 1964, IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[5]  G. Thirup.  The application of phase-locking techniques to the design of, apparatus for measuring complex transfer functions , 1960 .

[6]  C. S. Weaver.  Thresholds and Tracking Ranges in Phase-Locked Loops , 1961, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[7]  John P. Costas,et al.  Synchronous Communications , 1956, Proceedings of the IRE.

[8]  P. Banerjee,et al.  Range Extension of a Phase-Locked Loop , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[9]  C. P. Reddy,et al.  An all digital phase locked loop for synchronization of a sinusoidal signal embedded in white Gaussian noise , 1973 .

[10]  A. K. Rue,et al.  Transient Analysis of a Phase-Locked Loop Discriminator , 1961, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[11]  A. J. Viterbi,et al.  Acquisition and Tracking Behavior of Phase-Locked Loops , 1958 .

[12]  P. H. Alexander,et al.  Unlock characteristics of a phase-locked loop , 1965 .

[13]  J. Garodnick,et al.  Response of an All Digital Phase-Locked Loop , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[14]  D. L. Schilling,et al.  Expected Number of Spikes of Phase Locked Loop Demodulators , 1968 .

[15]  Gabriel Frenkel.  Oscillator Stability and the Second-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1964, IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[16]  Someshwar C. Gupta,et al.  A Class of All Digital Phase Locked Loops: Modeling and Analysis , 1973, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation.

[17]  E. Protonotarios.  The Effect of Phase Jitter on the Performance of a First-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1970 .

[18]  Wolf J. Gruen,et al.  Theory of AFC Synchronization , 1953, Proceedings of the IRE.

[19]  Gurnam S. Gill,et al.  On Higher Order Discrete Phase-Locked Loops , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[20]  R. Stiefel.  Comments on "Transportation on Communications" , 1969 .

[21]  A. Weinberg,et al.  Discrete Time Analyses of Nonuniform Sampling First- and Second-Order Digital Phase Lock Loops , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[22]  S. C. Gupta,et al.  On Optimum Digital Phase-Locked Loops , 1968 .

[23]  A. Jazwinski.  Filtering for nonlinear dynamical systems , 1966 .

[24]  J. Holmes,et al.  Performance of a First-Order Transition Sampling Digital Phase-Locked Loop Using Random-Walk Models , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[25]  Donald Richman,et al.  The DC Quadricorrelator: A Two-Mode Synchronization System , 1954, Proceedings of the IRE.

[26]  A. Viterbi.  Phase-locked loop dynamics in the presence of noise by Fokker-Planck techniques , 1963 .

[27]  Alan B. Grebene,et al.  The monolithic phase-locked loop-a versatile building block , 1971, IEEE Spectrum.

[28]  W. Lindsey,et al.  A Model Distribution for the Phase Error in Second-Order Phase-Locked Loops , 1966 .

[29]  J. R. Cessna,et al.  DIGITAL PHASE LOCKED LOOPS WITH SEQUENTIAL LOOP FILTERS: A CASE FOR COARSE QUANTIZATION , 1972 .

[30]  M. Peter,et al.  Phase Stabilization of Microwave Oscillators , 1955, Proceedings of the IRE.

[31]  S. Gupta,et al.  An Approach to the Analysis of Performance of Quasi-Optimum Digital Phase-Locked Loops , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[32]  Patrick H. Garrett.  Adaptive Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Direct-Ranging Applications , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[33]  C. R. Laughlin.  The Diversity-Locked Loop a Coherent Combiner , 1963, IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[34]  S. Gupta,et al.  Quantizing and Sampling Considerations in Digital Phased-Locked Loops , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[35]  Charles Sinclair Weaver.  A New Approach to the Linear Design and Analysis of Phase-Locked Loops , 1959, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[36]  William C. Lindsey,et al.  Some analytical and experimental phase-locked loop results for low signal-to-noise ratios , 1966 .

[37]  Francis D. Natali,et al.  Phase-Locked-Loop Detection of Binary PSK Signals Utilizing Decision Feedback , 1969, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[38]  S. C. Gupta,et al.  DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNALS BY A DISCRETE PHASE LOCKED LOOP , 1972 .

[39]  J. Stiffler.  On the Selection of Signals for Phase-Locked Loops , 1968 .

[40]  Umberto Mengali,et al.  Comments on "Comparison between the oscillating limiter and the first-order phase-locked loop" , 1969 .

[41]  C. R. Tegnelia.  A simple second-order digital phase-locked loop. , 1972 .

[42]  L. J. Greenstein,et al.  Phase-Locked Loop Pull-In Frequency , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[43]  Charles R. Cahn.  Piecewise Linear Analysis of Phase-Lock Loops , 1962, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[44]  G. Pasternack,et al.  Analysis and synthesis of a digital phase-locked loop for FM demodulation , 1968 .

[45]  Charles L. Britt,et al.  Effects of CW Interference on Narrow-Band Second-Order Phase-Lock Loops , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[46]  S. Gupta,et al.  Quasi-Optimum Digital Phase-Locked Loops , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[47]  B. Eisenberg,et al.  Gated Phase-Locked Loop Study , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[48]  Paul H. Lewis,et al.  A Comparison of Second, Third, and Fourth Order Phase-Locked Loops , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[49]  S. Margolis,et al.  The response of a phase-locked loop to a sinusoid plus noise , 1957, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[50]  B. M. Smith,et al.  The phase-lock loop with filter: Frequency of skipping cycles , 1966 .

[51]  Emmanuel N. Protonotarios.  Pull-In Performance of a Piecewise Linear Phase-Locked Loop , 1969, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[52]  M. T. Dharamsi,et al.  Performance of quasi-optimum digital FM demodulators for fading channels , 1975 .

[53]  M. Breese,et al.  Phase-Locked Loops for Electronically Scanned Antenna Arrays , 1961, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[54]  William C. Lindsey.  Phase-density distribution of phase-locked loops in cascade , 1969 .

[55]  James R. Woodbury.  Phase-Locked Loop Pull-In Range , 1968 .

[56]  D. Hummels.  Some Simulation Results for the Time to Indicate Phase Lock , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[57]  Jr. J.A. Develet,et al.  A threshold criterion for phase-lock demodulation , 1963 .

[58]  L. Schuchman,et al.  Time to cycle slip in first and second order phase lock loops , 1970 .

[59]  Someshwar C. Gupta,et al.  Optimum Strategies for Minimum Time Frequency Transitions in Phase-Locked Loops , 1966, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[60]  D. Hess,et al.  Cycle Slipping in a First-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1968 .

[61]  T.S. George,et al.  Analysis of Synchronizing Systems for Dot-Interlaced Color Television , 1951, Proceedings of the IRE.

[62]  F. Carassa,et al.  Advances in Phase-Lock Demodulation , 1970 .

[63]  R. Choate.  Analysis of a Phase-Modulation Communications System , 1960 .

[64]  Someshwar C. Gupta,et al.  Bounds on the performance of a class of digital communication systems (Corresp.) , 1973, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[65]  A. W. Moore,et al.  Phase-locked loops for motor-speed control , 1973, IEEE Spectrum.

[66]  R. W. Sanneman,et al.  Unlock Characteristics of the Optimum Type II Phase-Locked Loop , 1964, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics.

[67]  Umberto Mengali,et al.  An Extension of Viterbi's Analysis of the Cycle Slipping in a First-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1970, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[68]  S. Gupta,et al.  First-Order Discrete Phase-Locked Loop with Applications to Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Carrier , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[69]  D. L. Schilling,et al.  On the threshold extension capability of the PLL and the FDMFB , 1964 .

[70]  A. Jay Goldstein,et al.  Analysis of the phase-controlled loop with a sawtooth comparator , 1962 .

[71]  W. Lindsey,et al.  Subcarrier Tracking Methods and Communication System Design , 1968 .

[72]  S. Gupta,et al.  The Digital Phase-Locked Loop as a Near-Optimum FM Demodulator , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[73]  L. Schiff,et al.  Burst Synchronization of Phase-Locked Loops , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[74]  D. L. Schilling.  The response of an automatic phase control system to FM signals and noise , 1963 .

[75]  Robert M. Gagliardi.  Error Probabilities in PCM/FM with Phase-Lock Loop Discriminators , 1966, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[76]  F. Carden,et al.  A Multifilter Phase-Lock Loop , 1971 .

[77]  Alan S. Willsky.  Fourier series and estimation on the circle with applications to synchronous communication-II: Implementation , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[78]  J. Page,et al.  Phase-Lock Loop Frequency Acquisition Study , 1962, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[79]  Glenn W. Preston.  Basic Theory of Locked Oscillators in Tracking FM Signals , 1959, IRE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[80]  L. P. Chu.  A Phase-Locked AM Radio Receiver , 1969 .

[81]  F. Splitt.  Design and Analysis of a Linear Phase-Locked Loop of Wide Dynamic Range , 1966 .

[82]  J. V. Murphy,et al.  Frequency measurement using the phase-controlled oscillator , 1967 .

[83]  S. C. Gupta,et al.  Optimum Filters for Second- and Third-Order Phase-Locked Loops by an Error-Function Criterion , 1965, IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[84]  J. Garodnick,et al.  An all digital phase locked loop for FM demodulation. , 1972 .

[85]  S. C. Gupta,et al.  Discrete-time demodulation of angle-modulated analog signals transmitted over fading channels , 1975, Inf. Sci..

[86]  R. Tausworthe,et al.  Cycle Slipping in Phase-Locked Loops , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology.

[87]  M. D. Srinath,et al.  Switchless Control Strategies for Minimum Time Frequency Transitions in Phase-Locked Loops , 1969, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[88]  Daniel Ludwig,et al.  A General Solution for the Shortest Acquisition Time in Type-II Phase-Lock Loops , 1968, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[89]  G. Preston,et al.  The Lock-in Performance of an AEC Circuit , 1953 .

[90]  Marvin K. Simon.  On the Equivalence in Performance of Several Phase-Locked Loop Configurations , 1970 .

[91]  C. J. Byrne.  Properties and design of the phase-controlled oscillator with a sawtooth comparator , 1962 .

[92]  Francis D. Natali,et al.  ALL-DIGITAL COHERENT DEMODULATOR TECHNIQUES , 1972 .

[93]  S. Goldman.  Second-Order Phase-Lock-Loop Acquisition Time in the Presence of Narrow-Band Gaussian Noise , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[94]  A. McBride,et al.  On Optimum Sampled-Data FM Demodulation , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[95]  Allen G. Lindgren,et al.  Noise Dynamics of the Phase-Locked Loop with Signal Clipping , 1969, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[96]  B. R. Eisenberg.  Approximations to the Pull-In Frequency of High Order Linear and Nonlinear Loops , 1969, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[97]  R. Tausworthe.  A Method for Calculating Phase-Locked Loop Performance Near Threshold , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology.

[98]  D. Levy,et al.  Phase Noise and Transient Times for a Binary Quantized Digital Phase-Locked Loop in White Gaussian Noise , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[99]  George D. O'Clock.  Phase Detector Data Distortion in Phase-Lock Loop Receivers , 1972, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[100]  Toshihiko Namekawa,et al.  Dynamics of the Phase-Locked Loop without a Limiter , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[101]  J. Salz,et al.  Stability Analysis of a Digital Rate-Locked Loop , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[102]  S. A. Meer.  A class of Wiener filters useful in PLL applications , 1965 .

[103]  J. R. Woodyard,et al.  Application of the Autosynchronized Oscillator to Frequency Demodulation , 1937, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

[104]  R. Tausworthe,et al.  Simplified Formula for Mean Cycle-Slip Time of Phase-Locked Loops With Steady-State Phase Error , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[105]  P. Shaft,et al.  Correction to "Phase-Locked Loop Pull-In Range"' Minimization of Communication-Signal Acquisition Time in Tracking Loops , 1968 .

[106]  D. Schilling,et al.  Intermodulation Distortion of a Phase Locked Loop Demodulator , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology.

[107]  J. Ohlson.  Phase-Locked Loop Operation in the Presence of Impulsive and Gaussian Noise , 1973, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[108]  Dante C. Youla.  The use of the method of maximum likelihood in estimating continuous-modulated intelligence which has been corrupted by noise , 1954, Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory.

[109]  W. C. Lindsey.  Phase-Shift-Keyed Signal Detection with Noisy Reference Signals , 1966, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[110]  J. Holmes,et al.  A Second-Order All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[111]  D. Schilling,et al.  Threshold Analysis of Phase-Locked-Loop Demodulators Using Most Likely Noise , 1971 .

[112]  J. Ohlson,et al.  Transient Statistics of the First-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[113]  G.L. Fredendall,et al.  Automatic Frequency and Phase Control of Synchronization in Television Receivers , 1943, Proceedings of the IRE.

[114]  James R. Woodbury,et al.  Comments on "Phase-Locked Loop Pull-In Range" , 1969 .

[115]  Chi-hau Chen,et al.  Phase-Locked Loop Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Requirements for Deep-Space Communications , 1971, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[116]  Bernard M. Smith.  A Semi-Empirical Approach to the PLL Threshold , 1966, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[117]  W. J. Hurd,et al.  Digital Transition Tracking Symbol Synchronizer for LOW SNR Coded Systems , 1970 .

[118]  Donald Richman,et al.  Color-Carrier Reference Phase Synchronization Accuracy in NTSC Color Television , 1954, Proceedings of the IRE.

[119]  P. Westlake.  Digital Phase Control Techniques , 1960 .

[120]  Jr. J.J. Uhran.  Cycle-slipping effects on the output signal of a phase-locked demodulator , 1968 .

[121]  J. Holmes.  On a Solution to the Second-Order Phase-Locked Loop , 1970 .

[122]  Kazuyuki Hiroshige.  A Simple Technique for Improving the Pull-in Capability of Phase-Lock Loops , 1965, IEEE Transactions on Space Electronics and Telemetry.

[123]  A. J. Viterbi,et al.  Further on the phase-locked loop in the presence of noise , 1965 .

[124]  Donald L. Snyder,et al.  The state-variable approach to analog communication theory , 1968, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[125]  R. I. Ridgway,et al.  More comments on phase-locked loop threshold , 1967 .

[126]  Someshwara C. Gupta,et al.  Discrete-time demodulation of continuous-time signals , 1972, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[127]  S. Gupta,et al.  On the Performance of Digital Phase Locked Loops in the Threshold Region , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[128]  A. J. Viterbi.  System design criteria for space television , 1959 .

[129]  H. V. Trees.  Functional techniques for the analysis of the nonlinear behavior of phase–locked loops , 1964 .