On the BER performance of FSO links with multiple receivers and spatial jitter over gamma-gamma or exponential turbulence channels

Abstract Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems attract significant research and commercial interest due to their high performance characteristics along with their compact size, ease of deployment and the license-free spectrum that they use. Nevertheless, the time-varying characteristics of the atmosphere -which is the propagation path of the optical signal, and its variable composition of scatterers and absorbent matter, can cause significant distortions in the signal quality at the receiver. Thus, in this work we investigate the performance of an FSO link using receivers’ spatial diversity scheme and optimal combining reception. The performance assessment is carried out by means of the average bit error rate metric for some of the most widely used modulation formats on wireless optical links taking into account the atmospheric turbulence modeled either by the gamma-gamma or the negative exponential distribution model in conjunction with the pointing errors effect. More specifically, new closed-form mathematical expressions for the estimation of the average bit error rate are derived and could be easily used for the designing and implementation of the wireless optical links. The corresponding numerical results are presented along with the simulation ones and finally the outcomes’ conclusions are discussed.

[1]  Li Chen,et al.  Effective capacity of MIMO free-space optical systems over gamma–gamma turbulence channels , 2017 .

[2]  George S. Tombras,et al.  Performance study of terrestrial multi-hop OFDM FSO communication systems with pointing errors over turbulence channels , 2016 .

[3]  Hazem H. Refai,et al.  Wavelength diversity in free-space optics to alleviate fog effects , 2005, SPIE LASE.

[4]  K. Peppas,et al.  Average Capacity of Optical Wireless Communication Systems Over Atmospheric Turbulence Channels , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[5]  Frida Strömqvist Vetelino,et al.  Fade statistics and aperture averaging for Gaussian beam waves in moderate-to-strong turbulence. , 2007, Applied optics.

[6]  George S. Tombras,et al.  Estimation of Outage Capacity for Free Space Optical Links over I-K and K Turbulent Channels , 2011 .

[7]  Vishal Sharma,et al.  High speed, long reach OFDM-FSO transmission link incorporating OSSB and OTSB schemes , 2013 .

[8]  Milica I. Petkovic,et al.  Outage capacity of FSO link with pointing errors and link blockage. , 2016, Optics express.

[9]  K. Prabu,et al.  Polarization shift keying based relay-assisted free space optical communication over strong turbulence with misalignment , 2016 .

[10]  Steve Hranilovic,et al.  Wireless optical communication systems , 2004 .

[11]  Wilfried Gappmair,et al.  Novel results on pulse-position modulation performance for terrestrial free-space optical links impaired by turbulent atmosphere and pointing errors , 2012, IET Commun..

[12]  Harilaos G Sandalidis.  Performance Analysis of a Laser Ground-Station-to-Satellite Link With Modulated Gamma-Distributed Irradiance Fluctuations , 2010, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking.

[13]  L. Andrews,et al.  Mathematical model for the irradiance probability density function of a laser beam propagating through turbulent media , 2001 .

[14]  George S. Tombras,et al.  FSO links with diversity pointing errors and temporal broadening of the pulses over weak to strong atmospheric turbulence channels , 2016 .

[15]  Murat Uysal,et al.  Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[16]  Goran T. Djordjevic,et al.  Average BER performance of FSO SIM-QAM systems in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors , 2016 .

[17]  George S. Tombras,et al.  Capacity estimation of optical wireless communication systems over moderate to strong turbulence channels , 2009, Journal of Communications and Networks.

[18]  Bernhard Epple.  Simplified Channel Model for Simulation of Free-Space Optical Communications , 2010, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking.

[19]  Antonio Jurado-Navas,et al.  General analytical expressions for the bit error rate of atmospheric optical communication systems. , 2011, Optics letters.

[20]  Subrat Kar,et al.  Analysis of earth-to-satellite free-space optical link performance in the presence of turbulence, beam-wander induced pointing error and weather conditions for different intensity modulation schemes , 2015, IET Commun..

[21]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  Block error rate of optical wireless communication systems over atmospheric turbulence channels , 2014, IET Commun..

[22]  K. Prabu,et al.  BER Analysis for BPSK Based SIM–FSO Communication System Over Strong Atmospheric Turbulence with Spatial Diversity and Pointing Errors , 2015, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[23]  L. Andrews,et al.  I–K distribution as a universal propagation model of laser beams in atmospheric turbulence , 1985 .

[24]  Murat Uysal,et al.  Error rate performance analysis of coded free-space optical links over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[25]  S. Hranilovic,et al.  Outage Capacity Optimization for Free-Space Optical Links With Pointing Errors , 2007, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[26]  Lenan Wu,et al.  A Distance-Dependent Free-Space Optical Cooperative Communication System , 2015, IEEE Communications Letters.

[27]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  Optical wireless links with spatial diversity over strong atmospheric turbulence channels , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[28]  Peng Yue,et al.  Optical scintillations and fade statistics for FSO communications through moderate-to-strong non-Kolmogorov turbulence , 2013 .

[29]  Mohamed-Slim Alouini,et al.  Performance Analysis of Free-Space Optical Links Over Málaga ($\mathcal{M} $) Turbulence Channels With Pointing Errors , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[30]  Tao Shang,et al.  BER Performance Analysis for M-ary PPM over Gamma-Gamma Atmospheric Turbulence Channels , 2010, 2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM).

[31]  Subrat Kar,et al.  Performance of free space optical links in presence of turbulence, pointing errors and adverse weather conditions , 2015 .

[32]  Otakar Wilfert,et al.  An Introduction to Free-space Optical Communications , 2010 .

[33]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  BER and Outage Probability of DPSK Subcarrier Intensity Modulated Free Space Optics in Fully Developed Speckle , 2009, J. Commun..

[34]  Wilfried Gappmair.  Further results on the capacity of free-space optical channels in turbulent atmosphere , 2011, IET Commun..

[35]  G. Karagiannidis,et al.  Optical Wireless Communications With Heterodyne Detection Over Turbulence Channels With Pointing Errors , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[36]  T Kamalakis,et al.  Estimation of the power scintillation probability density function in free-space optical links by use of multicanonical Monte Carlo sampling. , 2006, Optics letters.

[37]  Svilen Dimitrov,et al.  Clipping Noise in OFDM-Based Optical Wireless Communication Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[38]  Wilfried Gappmair,et al.  Performance of PPM on terrestrial FSO links with turbulence and pointing errors , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[39]  Xuan Tang,et al.  Coherent Polarization Modulated Transmission through MIMO Atmospheric Optical Turbulence Channel , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[40]  Mohamed-Slim Alouini,et al.  An MGF-based performance analysis of generalized selection combining over Rayleigh fading channels , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[41]  K. Prabu,et al.  BER analysis of DPSK-SIM over MIMO free space optical links with misalignment , 2014 .

[42]  A. García-Zambrana,et al.  Asymptotic error-rate analysis of FSO links using transmit laser selection over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels with pointing errors. , 2012, Optics express.

[43]  Victor Adamchik,et al.  The algorithm for calculating integrals of hypergeometric type functions and its realization in REDUCE system , 1990, ISSAC '90.

[44]  Salah Bourennane,et al.  Channel coding and time-diversity for optical wireless links. , 2009, Optics express.

[45]  Songnian Fu,et al.  Performance comparison of different modulation formats over free-space optical (FSO) turbulence links with space diversity reception technique , 2009, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[46]  Xuefen Chi,et al.  Fiber coupling efficiency analysis of free space optical communication systems with holographic modal wave-front sensor , 2014 .

[47]  Hector E. Nistazakis.  A time-diversity scheme for wireless optical links over exponentially modeled turbulence channels , 2013 .

[48]  Wei Liu,et al.  Bit error rate analysis with real-time pointing errors correction in free space optical communication systems , 2014 .

[49]  Zabih Ghassemlooy,et al.  Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communications , 2010 .

[50]  P. Muthuchidambaranathan,et al.  Performance of a subcarrier intensity modulated differential phase-shift keying over generalized turbulence channel , 2015 .

[51]  Mohsen Kavehrad,et al.  BER Performance of Free-Space Optical Transmission with Spatial Diversity , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.