Optimal Control of Power Flows and Energy Local Storages in a Network of Microgrids Modeled as a System of Systems

In this paper, a centralized control model for optimal management and operation of a smart network of microgrids (SNMs) is designed. The proposed control strategy considers grid interconnections for additional power exchanges. This paper is based on an original Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) problem definition for the optimal control of power flows in a SNMs. The control strategy incorporates storage devices, various distributed energy resources, and loads. The objective function aims to minimize the power exchanges among microgrids (MGs), and to make each local energy storage system in a MG works around a proper optimal value. The proposed model is evaluated through a case study in the Savona district, Italy, consisting of four MGs that cooperate together under an SNMs connected to a main grid. The case study shows that the proposed approach can effectively cope with the aim to decrease the intermittencies effects of renewable energy sources, and to manage real-time burst in the residential local demands.

[1]  Riccardo Minciardi,et al.  Optimal Control in a Cooperative Network of Smart Power Grids , 2012, IEEE Systems Journal.

[2]  W. W. Weaver,et al.  Game-Theoretic Communication Structures in Microgrids , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[3]  Christoforos N. Hadjicostis,et al.  Coordination and Control of Distributed Energy Resources for Provision of Ancillary Services , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[4]  Luis F. Ochoa,et al.  Demonstrating the capacity benefits of dynamic ratings in smarter distribution networks , 2010, 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[5]  Ian A. Hiskens,et al.  Operation and Control of Electrical Power Systems , 2008 .

[6]  Tao Tang,et al.  Optimal Charging Control for Electric Vehicles in Smart Microgrids with Renewable Energy Sources , 2012, 2012 IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring).

[7]  Iftekhar A. Karimi,et al.  A linear diversity constraint Application to scheduling in microgrids , 2011 .

[8]  Juan Li,et al.  Controlled Partitioning of a Power Network Considering Real and Reactive Power Balance , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[9]  C. Bordons,et al.  Power management using model predictive control in a hydrogen-based microgrid , 2012, IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[10]  Abdelaziz Mimet,et al.  Sustainability of a wind power plant: Application to different Moroccan sites , 2010 .

[11]  P. Dokopoulos,et al.  Short-term forecasting of wind speed and related electrical power , 1998 .

[12]  Nasrudin Abd Rahim,et al.  Assessment of wind energy potentiality at Kudat and Labuan, Malaysia using Weibull distribution function , 2011 .

[13]  Alan S. Willsky,et al.  An Efficient Message-Passing Algorithm for Optimizing Decentralized Detection Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[14]  Sandro Zampieri,et al.  Distributed control for optimal reactive power compensation in smart microgrids , 2011, IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference.

[15]  A. Shamshad,et al.  First and second order Markov chain models for synthetic generation of wind speed time series , 2005 .

[16]  F. Pilo,et al.  Multi-objective programming for optimal DG integration in active distribution systems , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[17]  Robert S. Pindyck,et al.  The discrete-time tracking problem with a time delay in the control , 1972 .

[18]  Kai Sun,et al.  A study of system splitting strategies for island operation of power system: a two-phase method based on OBDDs , 2003 .

[19]  A. Ouammi,et al.  Wind energy potential in Liguria region , 2010 .

[20]  Manuel A. Matos,et al.  Assessing the contribution of microgrids to the reliability of distribution networks , 2009 .

[21]  M. Shahidehpour,et al.  Microgrid-Based Co-Optimization of Generation and Transmission Planning in Power Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Alexandre Oudalov,et al.  The Provision of Frequency Control Reserves From Multiple Microgrids , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[23]  V. Lo Brano,et al.  Short-term prediction of household electricity consumption: Assessing weather sensitivity in a Mediterranean area , 2008 .

[24]  Zongxiang Lu,et al.  Modeling of wind pattern and its application in wind speed forecasting , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply.

[25]  Michela Robba,et al.  A Dynamic Decision Model for the Real-Time Control of Hybrid Renewable Energy Production Systems , 2010, IEEE Systems Journal.

[26]  J. R. McDonald,et al.  Adaptive intelligent power systems: Active distribution networks☆ , 2008 .

[27]  Mai Hong-yu,et al.  A research on the construction of team leadership effectiveness and its relationship with big-five personality , 2009, 2009 ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management.

[28]  Anders Rantzer,et al.  On Prize Mechanisms in linear quadratic team theory , 2007, 2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[29]  Goran Strbac,et al.  Microgrids - Large Scale Integration of Microgeneration to Low Voltage Grids , 2006 .

[30]  D. Vuuren,et al.  Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change , 2009 .

[31]  Ather Gattami,et al.  Generalized Linear Quadratic Control , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[32]  Gerard J. M. Smit,et al.  Management and Control of Domestic Smart Grid Technology , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[33]  A. Ouammi,et al.  Monthly and seasonal assessment of wind energy characteristics at four monitored locations in Liguria region (Italy) , 2010 .

[34]  Thillainathan Logenthiran,et al.  Optimal sizing of Distributed Energy Resources for integrated microgrids using Evolutionary Strategy , 2012, 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation.

[35]  Laurence R. Phillips.  The microgrid as a system of systems , 2017 .

[36]  Rui Yang,et al.  Managing microgrids with intermittent resources: A two-layer multi-step optimal control approach , 2010, North American Power Symposium 2010.

[37]  Federico Silvestro,et al.  Short-Term Scheduling and Control of Active Distribution Systems With High Penetration of Renewable Resources , 2010, IEEE Systems Journal.

[38]  Ashutosh Nayyar,et al.  Optimal Control Strategies in Delayed Sharing Information Structures , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[39]  Nikos D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Centralized Control for Optimizing Microgrids Operation , 2008 .

[40]  Claudio A. Canizares,et al.  A centralized optimal energy management system for microgrids , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[41]  Giuseppe Lo Re,et al.  An execution, monitoring and replanning approach for optimal energy management in microgrids , 2011 .