Health care-associated infection (HAI): a critical appraisal of the emerging threat-proceedings of the HAI Summit.

During the Health Care-Associated Pneumonia Summit conducted in June 2007, it was found that there is a need for educational efforts in several areas of health care-associated infections (HAI) that extend beyond pneumonia. This supplement to Clinical Infectious Diseases represents the proceedings of the HAI Summit, a diverse panel of clinical investigators whose goal was to assess the quality of evidence regarding issues surrounding HAI and to discuss potential implications for its diagnosis and treatment in the future.

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[3]  V. Tam,et al.  Outcomes of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reduced susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam: implications on the appropriateness of the resistance breakpoint. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[6]  M. Levy,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 , 2007, Intensive Care Medicine.

[7]  A. Nierhaus,et al.  Use of polyclonal immunoglobulins as adjunctive therapy for sepsis or septic shock * , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[8]  R. Schmieder,et al.  Score‐based immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with sepsis: The SBITS study * , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[9]  A. Delaney,et al.  Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis * , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[10]  Y. Carmeli,et al.  Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2007, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[11]  J. Solomkin,et al.  Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of Ceftobiprole Treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[12]  Roberta B Carey,et al.  Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. , 2007, JAMA.

[13]  J. Krinsley,et al.  Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: Risk factors and outcomes* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[14]  S. Blot,et al.  Comment on: Impact of antibiotic resistance and of adequate empirical antibiotic treatment in the prognosis of patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia. , 2007, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[15]  G. Drusano,et al.  Back to the future: using aminoglycosides again and how to dose them optimally. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[16]  Massimo Antonelli,et al.  Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated). , 2007, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[17]  D. Annane,et al.  Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial , 2007, The Lancet.

[18]  M. Kollef,et al.  Health Care-Associated Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: a Single-Center Experience , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[19]  Jessina C. McGregor,et al.  A systematic review of the methods used to assess the association between appropriate antibiotic therapy and mortality in bacteremic patients. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[20]  Alan E. Jones,et al.  Prospective external validation of the clinical effectiveness of an emergency department-based early goal-directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock. , 2007, Chest.

[21]  K. Waites,et al.  USA300 Genotype Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a Cause of Surgical Site Infections , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[22]  Jessina C. McGregor,et al.  Predictors of 30-Day Mortality among Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections: Impact of Delayed Appropriate Antibiotic Selection , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[23]  D. Anderson,et al.  Severe Surgical Site Infection in Community Hospitals: Epidemiology, Key Procedures, and the Changing Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[24]  J. Dorca,et al.  Health care-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[25]  M. Loeb,et al.  Point prevalence survey for healthcare-associated infections within Canadian adult acute-care hospitals. , 2007, The Journal of hospital infection.

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[27]  S. Deresinski.  Counterpoint: Vancomycin and Staphylococcus aureus--an antibiotic enters obsolescence. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[28]  D. Livermore,et al.  Antibiotic resistance: location, location, location. , 2007, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[29]  Joshua A. Doherty,et al.  A retrospective analysis of possible renal toxicity associated with vancomycin in patients with health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. , 2007, Clinical therapeutics.

[30]  M. Falagas,et al.  Candidemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent critically ill patients: a prospective comparative study , 2007, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[31]  M. Kollef,et al.  Economic implications of an evidence-based sepsis protocol: Can we improve outcomes and lower costs?* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[32]  F. Tenover,et al.  The rationale for revising the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration interpretive criteria for Staphylococcus aureus. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[34]  Robert Steele,et al.  Implementation of a bundle of quality indicators for the early management of severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with decreased mortality* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[35]  G. Fadda,et al.  Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Importance of Inadequate Initial Antimicrobial Treatment , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

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[37]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[41]  S. Sen,et al.  Consequences of inappropriate initial empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy among patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections in Spain , 2007, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[42]  Jessina C. McGregor,et al.  Impact of Empiric Antibiotic Therapy on Outcomes in Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia , 2006, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[43]  Russell E. Lewis,et al.  Scedosporium infection in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 25 cases from 1989-2006. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[45]  Scott T. Micek,et al.  Before–after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

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[47]  A. Wong-Beringer,et al.  High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[48]  R. Corey.  Telavancin for the Treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI): Results of the ATLAS I Study , 2006 .

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[50]  Y. Tabak,et al.  Healthcare-associated bloodstream infection: A distinct entity? Insights from a large U.S. database* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

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[52]  B. Charra,et al.  Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. , 2006, The Journal of infection.

[53]  Joshua A. Doherty,et al.  Predictors of mortality for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus health-care-associated pneumonia: specific evaluation of vancomycin pharmacokinetic indices. , 2006, Chest.

[54]  D. Musher,et al.  Community-Associated Strains of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococccus aureus as the Cause of Healthcare-Associated Infection , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[55]  J. Bennett.  Echinocandins for candidemia in adults without neutropenia. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

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[57]  Robert W. Taylor,et al.  Red blood cell transfusions and nosocomial infections in critically ill patients* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[58]  R. Weinstein,et al.  Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , 2006, Emerging infectious diseases.

[59]  Roberta B Carey,et al.  Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[60]  Joshua A. Doherty,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: The importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

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[63]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. , 2006, The Journal of hospital infection.

[64]  K. Garey,et al.  Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[65]  F. Baquero,et al.  In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: 2004 results from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends). , 2006, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[66]  Ronald N. Jones,et al.  Daptomycin Bactericidal Activity and Correlation between Disk and Broth Microdilution Method Results in Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains with Decreased Susceptibility to Vancomycin , 2006, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[67]  W. Bilker,et al.  Fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk factors and clinical impact. , 2006, The American journal of medicine.

[68]  K. Wood,et al.  Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[69]  Benjamin A Lipsky,et al.  Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections , 2006, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

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[77]  J. Garnacho-Montero,et al.  A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

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[79]  L. Johnson,et al.  Impact of initial antibiotic choice and delayed appropriate treatment on the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia , 2006, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

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[92]  Jonathan R Edwards,et al.  Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[94]  S. Ray,et al.  Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as a cause of health care-associated infections among patients with prosthetic joint infections. , 2005, American journal of infection control.

[95]  Victoria J. Fraser,et al.  Delaying the Empiric Treatment of Candida Bloodstream Infection until Positive Blood Culture Results Are Obtained: a Potential Risk Factor for Hospital Mortality , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[96]  D. Landman,et al.  Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents. , 2005, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

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[98]  V. Fowler,et al.  Telavancin versus standard therapy for treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to gram-positive bacteria. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[99]  J. Decruyenaere,et al.  Colonization Status and Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy for Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in an Intensive Care Unit , 2005, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[100]  R. Wunderink,et al.  Severe community-acquired pneumonia as a cause of severe sepsis: Data from the PROWESS study* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[101]  S. Kaplan.  Treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. , 2005, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[102]  M. Kollef,et al.  Transfusion practice and blood stream infections in critically ill patients. , 2005, Chest.

[103]  R. Lynfield,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

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[106]  K. Kaye,et al.  Risk factors for ineffective therapy in patients with bloodstream infection. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[107]  R. Piarroux,et al.  Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients(*) , 2004, Critical care medicine.

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[111]  Sung-Han Kim,et al.  Bloodstream Infections Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Risk Factors for Mortality and Impact of Inappropriate Initial Antimicrobial Therapy on Outcome , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[112]  G. Woods,et al.  Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa:Data from a Multicenter Intensive Care Unit Surveillance Study (ISS) in the United States , 2004, Journal of chemotherapy.

[113]  P. Barie,et al.  Benefit/risk profile of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in surgical patients with severe sepsis. , 2004, American journal of surgery.

[114]  S. Sen,et al.  Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[115]  D. McClish,et al.  Predicting hospital rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from fluoroquinolone use in US hospitals and their surrounding communities. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[117]  C. Donskey.  The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[118]  R. Arbeit,et al.  The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[119]  Jerome J. Schentag,et al.  Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[120]  Y. Carmeli,et al.  Reference Group Choice and Antibiotic Resistance Outcomes , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[121]  G. Eliopoulos,et al.  Relationship of MIC and Bactericidal Activity to Efficacy of Vancomycin for Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[122]  B. Frazee.  High Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Emergency Department Skin and Soft-tissue Infections , 2004 .

[123]  R. Balk.  Optimum treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: evidence in support of the recommendations. , 2004, Disease-a-month : DM.

[124]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[125]  M. Kollef,et al.  Red blood cell transfusion and ventilator-associated pneumonia: A potential link? , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[126]  C. Urban,et al.  In Vitro Double and Triple Synergistic Activities of Polymyxin B, Imipenem, and Rifampin against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[127]  Mitchell M. Levy,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[128]  P. Ward,et al.  Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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[131]  M. Béné,et al.  Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[132]  M. Levy,et al.  The CRIT Study: Anemia and blood transfusion in the critically ill—Current clinical practice in the United States* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[133]  Susan K. Johnson,et al.  Comparison of community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. , 2003, JAMA.

[134]  J. Garnacho-Montero,et al.  Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[135]  Michel Wolff,et al.  Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. , 2003, JAMA.

[136]  P. Graham,et al.  Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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