Key Communication Techniques for Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) are the networks of wireless sensors that operate in the underground soil medium. In this monograph, to realize reliable and efficient WUSNs, two enabling techniques are developed to address the challenges brought by the underground soil medium, including the EM wave-based WUSNs and the MI-based WUSNs. For EM wave-based WUSNs, the heterogeneous network architecture and dynamic connectivity are investigated based on a comprehensive channel model in soil medium. Then a spatio-temporal correlation-based data collection scheme is developed to reduce the sensor density while keeping high monitoring accuracy. For MI-based WUSNs, the MI channel is first analytically characterized. Then based on the MI channel model, the MI waveguide technique is developed in order to enlarge the underground transmission range. After that, the optimal deployment algorithms for MI waveguides in WUSNs are analyzed to construct the WUSNs with high reliability and low costs. Finally, the mathematical models are developed to evaluate the channel and network capacities of MI-based WUSNs. This monograph provides principles and guidelines for WUSN designs.

[1]  Thomas F. La Porta,et al.  Movement-Assisted Sensor Deployment , 2006, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[2]  Yiwei Thomas Hou,et al.  On the Asymptotic Capacity of Multi-Hop MIMO Ad Hoc Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[3]  Jorma T. Virtamo,et al.  Spatial node distribution of the random waypoint mobility model with applications , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[4]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Deployment Algorithms for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks Using Magnetic Induction , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[5]  I. Young,et al.  Dispersion characteristics of magneto-inductive waves: comparison between theory and experiment , 2003 .

[6]  Zhi Sun,et al.  Magnetic Induction Communications for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[7]  Weili Wu,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (Signals and Communication Technology) , 2007 .

[8]  J. Steele.  Growth Rates of Euclidean Minimal Spanning Trees With Power Weighted Edges , 1988 .

[9]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Connectivity analysis of wireless sensor networks with regular topologies in the presence of channel fading , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[10]  Mingui Sun,et al.  How to Pass Information and Deliver Energy to a Network of Implantable Devices within the Human Body , 2007, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[11]  P. R. Kumar,et al.  Critical power for asymptotic connectivity , 1998, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (Cat. No.98CH36171).

[12]  Caroline A. Ross,et al.  Structural and magnetic characterization of the intermartensitic phase transition in NiMnSn Heusler alloy ribbons , 2013 .

[13]  Flavio Fabbri,et al.  A statistical model for the connectivity of nodes in a multi-sink wireless sensor network over a bounded region , 2008, 2008 14th European Wireless Conference.

[14]  Xin Dong,et al.  Spatio-temporal soil moisture measurement with wireless underground sensor networks , 2010, 2010 The 9th IFIP Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net).

[15]  J. Medhi,et al.  Stochastic Processes , 1982 .

[16]  E Nevo,et al.  Seismic communication in a blind subterranean mammal: a major somatosensory mechanism in adaptive evolution underground. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[17]  Jianping Pan,et al.  Topology control for wireless sensor networks , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[18]  Hsiao-Hwa Chen,et al.  On capacity of cognitive radio networks with average interference power constraints , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[19]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Dynamic Connectivity in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[20]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[21]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless underground sensor networks : Research challenges , 2006 .

[22]  Mehmet Can Vuran,et al.  Communication with Aboveground Devices in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: An Empirical Study , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[23]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  On capacity of magnetic induction-based wireless underground sensor networks , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[24]  Christian Bettstetter,et al.  Connectivity of Wireless Multihop Networks in a Shadow Fading Environment , 2005, Wirel. Networks.

[25]  Fawwaz T. Ulaby,et al.  Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range , 1995, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[26]  Charles L. Alley,et al.  Electronic Engineering , 1962 .

[27]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Connectivity in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON).

[28]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Author's Personal Copy Physical Communication Channel Model and Analysis for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks in Soil Medium , 2022 .

[29]  Krishna Shenai,et al.  Magnetic Induction IC for Wireless Communication in RF-Impenetrable Media , 2007, 2007 IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices.

[30]  R. E. Miles,et al.  Monte carlo estimates of the distributions of the random polygons of the voronoi tessellation with respect to a poisson process , 1980 .

[31]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Underground Wireless Communication Using Magnetic Induction , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[32]  J. Tiusanen.  Wireless Soil Scout prototype radio signal reception compared to the attenuation model , 2009, Precision Agriculture.

[33]  Christian Bettstetter,et al.  On the minimum node degree and connectivity of a wireless multihop network , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[34]  Li Liyz,et al.  Characteristics of Underground Channel for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2007 .

[35]  Orestis Georgiou,et al.  Product of n independent uniform random variables , 2009 .

[36]  V Isham,et al.  Representation of space–time variability of soil moisture , 2005, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[37]  Heye Bogena,et al.  Hybrid Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Quantification of Signal Attenuation in Soil , 2009 .

[38]  Ji Luo,et al.  Delay Tolerant Event Collection in Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[39]  Roger Wattenhofer,et al.  Does topology control reduce interference? , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[40]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  BorderSense: Border patrol through advanced wireless sensor networks , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[41]  Mark de Berg,et al.  Computational geometry: algorithms and applications , 1997 .

[42]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Spatio-Temporal Correlation-Based Density Optimization in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011.

[43]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Digital Communications , 1983 .

[44]  Patrick Thiran,et al.  Latency of wireless sensor networks with uncoordinated power saving mechanisms , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[45]  Kun-Mao Chao,et al.  Spanning trees and optimization problems , 2004, Discrete mathematics and its applications.

[46]  Mehmet Can Vuran,et al.  Development of a Testbed for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks , 2010, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[47]  Edmund M. Yeh,et al.  Connectivity and Latency in Large-Scale Wireless Networks with Unreliable Links , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[48]  Ram Ramanathan,et al.  Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[49]  I. Young,et al.  Low-loss magneto-inductive waveguides , 2006 .

[50]  Timothy C. Coburn,et al.  Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation , 2000, Technometrics.

[51]  John J. Sojdehei,et al.  Magneto-inductive (MI) communications , 2001, MTS/IEEE Oceans 2001. An Ocean Odyssey. Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37295).

[52]  K. Ikrath,et al.  Communications Via Seismic Waves Employing 80-Hz Resonant Seismic Transducers , 1968 .

[53]  Rajeev Bansal,et al.  Near-field magnetic communication , 2004 .

[54]  Do Young Eun,et al.  Crossing over the bounded domain: from exponential to power-law intermeeting time in mobile ad hoc networks , 2009, TNET.

[55]  Krishnendu Chakrabarty,et al.  Sensor deployment and target localization based on virtual forces , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[56]  Özgür B. Akan,et al.  Spatio-temporal correlation: theory and applications for wireless sensor networks , 2004, Comput. Networks.

[57]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  Capacity bounds for ad-hoc networks using directional antennas , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[58]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks , 2009, Phys. Commun..

[59]  R. E. Miles.  On the homogeneous planar Poisson point process , 1970 .

[60]  Patrick Thiran,et al.  Connectivity in ad-hoc and hybrid networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[61]  Paolo Santi,et al.  The Critical Transmitting Range for Connectivity in Sparse Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2003, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[62]  D. Larkman,et al.  Microstructured magnetic materials for RF flux guides in magnetic resonance imaging. , 2001, Science.

[63]  Ekaterina Shamonina,et al.  Magneto-inductive waveguide devices , 2006 .

[64]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN , 2001 .

[65]  Tracy Camp,et al.  A survey of mobility models for ad hoc network research , 2002, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[66]  Donald F. Towsley,et al.  Capacity of a wireless ad hoc network with infrastructure , 2007, MobiHoc '07.

[67]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[68]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  Recent Research in Cooperative Control of Multivehicle Systems , 2007 .

[69]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Capacity of multi-channel wireless networks with random (c, f) assignment , 2007, MobiHoc '07.