Examples of fault-tolerant systems

High-integrity systems require a comprehensive overall fault tolerance by faulttolerant components and an automatic fault management system. This means first the design and realization of redundant components which have the lowest reliability and are safety relevant. In automatically controlled systems there are, for example sensors, actuators, computers, communication (bus) systems, control and operational software and process parts, like electrical drives, tube lines, pumps or heat exchangers. Components with multiple redundancy are known for aircraft, space, train and nuclear power systems. Other technical processes with redundancy are for, example lifts (multiple ropes and brakes) or multiple pumps for steam boilers, see [12.2].