The Snark is a Boojum: the continuing problem of drug resistance in the antiangiogenic era.

If your Snark be a Snark, that is right: Fetch it home by all means-you may serve it with greens, And it's handy for striking a light. "But oh, beamish nephew, beware of the day, If your Snark be a Boojum! For then You will softly and suddenly vanish away, And never be met with again!" Lewis Carroll The Hunting of the Snark

[1]  W. Gradishar,et al.  A randomized phase II pilot trial of adjuvant marimastat in patients with early-stage breast cancer. , 2002, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[2]  S. Schey.  Thalidomide in the Management of Multiple Myeloma , 2002, Hematology.

[3]  S. Rafii,et al.  Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow–derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[4]  R. Jain,et al.  Vascular Morphogenesis and Remodeling in a Human Tumor Xenograft: Blood Vessel Formation and Growth After Ovariectomy and Tumor Implantation , 2001, Circulation research.

[5]  Lei Xu,et al.  Pancreas Microenvironment Promotes VEGF Expression and Tumor Growth: Novel Window Models for Pancreatic Tumor Angiogenesis and Microcirculation , 2001, Laboratory Investigation.

[6]  R. Kerbel.  Clinical trials of antiangiogenic drugs: opportunities, problems, and assessment of initial results. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[7]  M. Westphal,et al.  Inhibition of glioma angiogenesis and growth in vivo by systemic treatment with a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. , 2001, Cancer research.

[8]  Rakesh K. Jain,et al.  Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: A new paradigm for combination therapy , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[9]  F. Peale,et al.  Identification of an angiogenic mitogen selective for endocrine gland endothelium , 2001, Nature.

[10]  L. Shaw,et al.  Advances in Brief Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is an Autocrine Survival Factor for Neuropilin-expressing Breast Carcinoma Cells 1 , 2001 .

[11]  D. Hicklin,et al.  Acquired resistance to the antitumor effect of epidermal growth factor receptor-blocking antibodies in vivo: a role for altered tumor angiogenesis. , 2001, Cancer research.

[12]  Paul S. Meltzer,et al.  Expression and functional significance of VE-cadherin in aggressive human melanoma cells: Role in vasculogenic mimicry , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  O. Volpert,et al.  In vivo mechanisms by which tumors producing thrombospondin 1 bypass its inhibitory effects. , 2001, Genes & development.

[14]  J. Bolz,et al.  Semaphorin 3A–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-165 Balance Mediates Migration and Apoptosis of Neural Progenitor Cells by the Recruitment of Shared Receptor , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[15]  S. Rafii,et al.  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiopoietin-1 Stimulate Postnatal Hematopoiesis by Recruitment of Vasculogenic and Hematopoietic Stem Cells , 2001, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[16]  G. Fontanini,et al.  Inhibition of growth factor production and angiogenesis in human cancer cells by ZD1839 (Iressa), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. , 2001, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[17]  M. Gassmann,et al.  Induction of HIF–1α in response to hypoxia is instantaneous , 2001, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[18]  A. Harris,et al.  Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor enhances induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia and insulin-like growth factor-1 via a PI3 kinase dependent pathway , 2001, British Journal of Cancer.

[19]  M. Hendrix,et al.  Molecular regulation of tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry by tyrosine phosphorylation: role of epithelial cell kinase (Eck/EphA2). , 2001, Cancer research.

[20]  G. Sledge,et al.  The antiangiogenic property of docetaxel is synergistic with a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor or 2-methoxyestradiol but antagonized by endothelial growth factors. , 2001, Cancer research.

[21]  M. Hendrix,et al.  Molecular determinants of ovarian cancer plasticity. , 2001, The American journal of pathology.

[22]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Heterogeneous vascular dependence of tumor cell populations. , 2001, The American journal of pathology.

[23]  L. Ellis,et al.  Endothelial cell apoptosis is inhibited by a soluble factor secreted by human colon cancer cells , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[24]  R. B. Campbell,et al.  Role of tumor–host interactions in interstitial diffusion of macromolecules: Cranial vs. subcutaneous tumors , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  N. Kanomata,et al.  Establishment of a novel species- and tissue-specific metastasis model of human prostate cancer in humanized non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human adult lung and bone. , 2001, Cancer research.

[26]  I. Zachary,et al.  Signaling transduction mechanisms mediating biological actions of the vascular endothelial growth factor family. , 2001, Cardiovascular research.

[27]  G. Sledge,et al.  Redefining the target: chemotherapeutics as antiangiogenics. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[28]  W. Middlesworth,et al.  All angiogenesis is not the same: Distinct patterns of response to antiangiogenic therapy in experimental neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor. , 2001, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[29]  G. Nolan,et al.  Combination angiostatin and endostatin gene transfer induces synergistic antiangiogenic activity in vitro and antitumor efficacy in leukemia and solid tumors in mice. , 2001, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[30]  A. Andres,et al.  Vascular remodelling during the normal and malignant life cycle of the mammary gland , 2001, Microscopy research and technique.

[31]  R. Kerbel,et al.  Oncogenes and angiogenesis: signaling three-dimensional tumor growth. , 2000, The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings.

[32]  S. Soker,et al.  Neuropilin‐1 expression by tumor cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression , 2000, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[33]  D. O’Rourke,et al.  Epidermal growth factor receptor transcriptionally up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human glioblastoma cells via a pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and distinct from that induced by hypoxia. , 2000, Cancer research.

[34]  Wenbiao Liu,et al.  Endothelial cell survival and apoptosis in the tumor vasculature , 2000, Apoptosis.

[35]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. , 2000, Science.

[36]  M. Hendrix,et al.  Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Molecular expression of vascular markers by aggressive breast cancer cells , 2000, Breast Cancer Research.

[37]  S. Mader,et al.  Heregulin selectively upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in cancer cells and stimulates angiogenesis , 2000, Oncogene.

[38]  G. Neufeld,et al.  Neuropilin-2 and Neuropilin-1 Are Receptors for the 165-Amino Acid Form of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and of Placenta Growth Factor-2, but Only Neuropilin-2 Functions as a Receptor for the 145-Amino Acid Form of VEGF* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[39]  I. Fidler,et al.  Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling by a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor leads to apoptosis of endothelial cells and therapy of human pancreatic carcinoma. , 2000, Cancer research.

[40]  R. D'Amato,et al.  Genetic heterogeneity of angiogenesis in mice , 2000, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[41]  J. Folkman,et al.  Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. , 2000, Cancer research.

[42]  H. Augustin,et al.  Heterogeneity of angiogenesis and blood vessel maturation in human tumors: implications for antiangiogenic tumor therapies. , 2000, Cancer research.

[43]  K. Hörmann,et al.  Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor protein and its down‐regulation by interferons in head and neck cancer , 2000, Head & neck.

[44]  A. Pozzi,et al.  Elevated matrix metalloprotease and angiostatin levels in integrin alpha 1 knockout mice cause reduced tumor vascularization. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  R Folberg,et al.  Vasculogenic mimicry and tumor angiogenesis. , 2000, The American journal of pathology.

[46]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Genetic instability and darwinian selection in tumours. , 1999, Trends in cell biology.

[47]  R. Kerbel,et al.  Marked induction of the IAP family antiapoptotic proteins survivin and XIAP by VEGF in vascular endothelial cells. , 1999, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[48]  M. Burt,et al.  Rapid activation of MDR1 gene expression in human metastatic sarcoma after in vivo exposure to doxorubicin. , 1999, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[49]  C. Dinney,et al.  Interferon-alpha-mediated down-regulation of angiogenesis-related genes and therapy of bladder cancer are dependent on optimization of biological dose and schedule. , 1999, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[50]  P. Hahnfeldt,et al.  Tumor development under angiogenic signaling: a dynamical theory of tumor growth, treatment response, and postvascular dormancy. , 1999, Cancer research.

[51]  C. Compton,et al.  Tumor–host interactions in the gallbladder suppress distal angiogenesis and tumor growth: Involvement of transforming growth factor β1 , 1999, Nature Medicine.

[52]  J. Isner,et al.  Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. , 1999, Circulation research.

[53]  G. Yancopoulos,et al.  Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. , 1999, Science.

[54]  A. Adamis,et al.  Suppression of hypoxia-associated vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression by nitric oxide via cGMP. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[55]  Wei Li,et al.  VEGF prevents apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells via opposing effects on MAPK/ERK and SAPK/JNK signaling. , 1999, Experimental cell research.

[56]  E. Sham,et al.  The lifetime of hypoxic human tumor cells. , 1998, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[57]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Role of HIF-1 alpha in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis (vol 394, pg 485, 1998) , 1998 .

[58]  J. Wijnholds,et al.  Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 Protects the Oropharyngeal Mucosal Layer and the Testicular Tubules against Drug-induced Damage , 1998, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[59]  J. Raleigh,et al.  Identification of nonproliferating but viable hypoxic tumor cells in vivo. , 1998, Cancer research.

[60]  R. Bergmann,et al.  Mrp1 Multidrug Resistance‐Associated Protein and P‐Glycoprotein Expression in Rat Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells , 1998, Journal of neurochemistry.

[61]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Role of HIF-1α in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis , 1998, Nature.

[62]  T. Mayumi,et al.  Drug resistance and P-glycoprotein expression in endothelial cells of newly formed capillaries induced by tumors. , 1998, Anticancer research.

[63]  D. Hicklin,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk1/KDR) as an anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy , 1998, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[64]  V. Dixit,et al.  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Expression of the Antiapoptotic Proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[65]  N. Goldstein,et al.  Neutralizing antibodies against epidermal growth factor and ErbB-2/neu receptor tyrosine kinases down-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor production by tumor cells in vitro and in vivo: angiogenic implications for signal transduction therapy of solid tumors. , 1997, The American journal of pathology.

[66]  A. Karsan,et al.  Fibroblast growth factor-2 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis by Bcl-2-dependent and independent mechanisms. , 1997, The American journal of pathology.

[67]  Thomas Boehm,et al.  Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance , 1997, Nature.

[68]  R. Kerbel.  A cancer therapy resistant to resistance , 1997, Nature.

[69]  B. Wüthrich.  AN INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM , 1997 .

[70]  J. Caro,et al.  Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system under normoxic conditions. Its stabilization by hypoxia depends on redox-induced changes. , 1997, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[71]  Y. Kakeji,et al.  Dynamics of tumor oxygenation, CD31 staining and transforming growth factor-beta levels after treatment with radiation or cyclophosphamide in the rat 13762 mammary carcinoma. , 1997, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[72]  S. Fox,et al.  Expression of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor growth factor beta-1, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, placenta growth factor, and pleiotrophin in human primary breast cancer and its relation to angiogenes , 1997, Cancer research.

[73]  William Arbuthnot Sir Lane,et al.  Endostatin: An Endogenous Inhibitor of Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth , 1997, Cell.

[74]  Y. Rustum,et al.  MDR1 P-glycoprotein is expressed by endothelial cells of newly formed capillaries in human gliomas but is not expressed in the neovasculature of other primary tumors. , 1996, The American journal of pathology.

[75]  J. Folkman,et al.  Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[76]  R. Dickson,et al.  The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) retards human breast cancer solid tumor growth but not ascites formation in nude mice. , 1996, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[77]  R. Jain,et al.  Intussusceptive microvascular growth in a human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft: a novel mechanism of tumor angiogenesis. , 1996, Microvascular research.

[78]  M. Barrand,et al.  Comparisons of P‐glycoprotein expression in isolated rat brain microvessels and in primary cultures of endothelial cells derived from microvasculature of rat brain, epididymal fat pad and from aorta , 1995, FEBS letters.

[79]  G. Semenza,et al.  Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[80]  H. Shimada,et al.  Cancer seed and soil can be highly selective: human-patient colon tumor lung metastasis grows in nude mouse lung but not colon or subcutis. , 1995, Anticancer research.

[81]  Lars Holmgren,et al.  Angiostatin: A novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a lewis lung carcinoma , 1994, Cell.

[82]  B. Teicher,et al.  Minocycline as a modulator of chemotherapy and hyperthermia in vitro and in vivo. , 1994, Cancer letters.

[83]  J. Folkman,et al.  The combination of antiagniogenic agents to inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis , 1993 .

[84]  B. Teicher,et al.  Antiangiogenic agents potentiate cytotoxic cancer therapies against primary and metastatic disease. , 1992, Cancer research.

[85]  I. Fidler,et al.  Orthotopic implantation is essential for the selection, growth and metastasis of human real cell cancer in nude mice , 1990, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[86]  P. Brousset,et al.  Immunohistochemical detection of multidrug resistance associated P-glycoprotein in tumour and stromal cells of human cancers. , 1990, British Journal of Cancer.

[87]  J. Folkman.  What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[88]  L. Ellis,et al.  Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Mediating Response to Anti-angiogenic Therapy , 2004, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[89]  Barbara Krammer,et al.  bcl-2 and c-erbB-2 proteins are involved in the regulation of VEGF and of thymidine phosphorylase angiogenic activity in non-small-cell lung cancer , 2004, Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.

[90]  米納 浩幸.  Establishment of a novel species- and tissue-specific metastasis model of human prostate cancer in humanized non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human adult lung and bone , 2002 .

[91]  G. Sledge,et al.  Phase II dose escalation trial of Avastin™ (bevacizumab) in women with previously treated metastatic breast cancer , 2001 .

[92]  J. Lewin,et al.  A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of SU5416 and Adriamycin in inflammatory breast cancer , 2001 .

[93]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  In vivo measurement of gene expression, angiogenesis and physiological function in tumors using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[94]  S. Baruchel,et al.  Continuous low-dose therapy with vinblastine and VEGF receptor-2 antibody induces sustained tumor regression without overt toxicity. , 2000, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[95]  G. Neufeld,et al.  Neuropilin-2 is a receptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) forms VEGF-145 and VEGF-165 [corrected]. , 2000, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[96]  R. Swerlick,et al.  Differential regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene transcription by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 alpha in dermal microvascular endothelial cells. , 1996, Blood.

[97]  R. Durand,et al.  Contribution of transient blood flow to tumour hypoxia in mice. , 1995, Acta oncologica.

[98]  J. Folkman,et al.  The combination of antiangiogenic agents to inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis. , 1993, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[99]  D. Ingber,et al.  Inhibition of angiogenesis. , 1992, Seminars in cancer biology.

[100]  International symposium. Critical determinants in cancer progression and metastasis. A centennial celebration of Dr. Stephen Paget's 'seed and soil' hypothesis. March 6-10, 1989, Houston, Texas. Abstracts. , 1989, Cancer metastasis reviews.

[101]  E. Viadana,et al.  Patterns of metastases in adenocarcinomas of man. An autopsy study of 4,728 cases. , 1975, Journal of medicine.