Measurement of Facial Dynamics for Soft Biometrics

Facial dynamics contain idiosyncratic information that can help appearance-based systems in a number of tasks. This paper summarizes our research on using facial dynamics as a soft biometric, in establishing the age and kinship similarity, as well as for assessing expression spontaneity. Our findings suggest that high-resolution and high-frequency information gathered from the face can be very informative, and result in systems that go beyond human performance in a number of domains.

[1]  R. Sanders,et al.  Torsional elasticity of human skin in vivo , 1973, Pflügers Archiv.

[2]  P. Ekman,et al.  Felt, false, and miserable smiles , 1982 .

[3]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  Are You Really Smiling at Me? Spontaneous versus Posed Enjoyment Smiles , 2012, ECCV.

[4]  Jiwen Lu,et al.  Gabor-based gradient orientation pyramid for kinship verification under uncontrolled environments , 2012, ACM Multimedia.

[5]  Jeffrey F. Cohn,et al.  The Timing of Facial Motion in posed and Spontaneous Smiles , 2003, Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolution Inf. Process..

[6]  Fernando De la Torre,et al.  Dynamic Cascades with Bidirectional Bootstrapping for Action Unit Detection in Spontaneous Facial Behavior , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.

[7]  Michael J. Black,et al.  Tracking and recognizing rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion , 1995, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[8]  P. Ekman Telling lies: clues to deceit in the marketplace , 1985 .

[9]  Jianguo Li,et al.  Learning SURF Cascade for Fast and Accurate Object Detection , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[10]  Fernando De la Torre,et al.  Supervised Descent Method and Its Applications to Face Alignment , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[11]  Maja Pantic,et al.  Fully Automatic Recognition of the Temporal Phases of Facial Actions , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[12]  Stefanos Zafeiriou,et al.  Joint Unsupervised Face Alignment and Behaviour Analysis , 2014, ECCV.

[13]  Jean-Philippe Thiran,et al.  Improved local binary pattern based action unit detection using morphological and bilateral filters , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[14]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  A Statistical Method for 2-D Facial Landmarking , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[15]  Fuhui Long,et al.  Feature selection based on mutual information criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[16]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Explanation-based facial motion tracking using a piecewise Bezier volume deformation model , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149).

[17]  Maja Pantic,et al.  Particle filtering with factorized likelihoods for tracking facial features , 2004, Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings..

[18]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[19]  Matthew L. Jensen,et al.  Automated analysis of interactional synchrony using robust facial tracking and expression recognition , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[20]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  A smile can reveal your age: enabling facial dynamics in age estimation , 2012, ACM Multimedia.

[21]  Ninad Thakoor,et al.  Improving action units recognition using dense flow-based face registration in video , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[22]  L. Brodsky,et al.  Hereditary family signature of facial expression , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  Jake K. Aggarwal,et al.  Spontaneous facial expression recognition: A robust metric learning approach , 2014, Pattern Recognit..

[24]  Luc Van Gool,et al.  Face Detection without Bells and Whistles , 2014, ECCV.

[25]  Maja Pantic,et al.  Dynamics of facial expression: recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments from face profile image sequences , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[26]  Gwen Littlewort,et al.  The computer expression recognition toolbox (CERT) , 2011, Face and Gesture 2011.

[27]  Rana El Kaliouby,et al.  Smile or smirk? Automatic detection of spontaneous asymmetric smiles to understand viewer experience , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[28]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Dynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[29]  Claude C. Chibelushi,et al.  Robust Facial Feature Tracking , 2000, BMVC.

[30]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  Eyes do not lie: spontaneous versus posed smiles , 2010, ACM Multimedia.

[31]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  Eyes Whisper Depression: A CCA based Multimodal Approach , 2014, ACM Multimedia.

[32]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Differentiating spontaneous from posed facial expressions within a generic facial expression recognition framework , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops).

[33]  Paul F. Velleman,et al.  Definition and Comparison of Robust Nonlinear Data Smoothing Algorithms , 1980 .

[34]  P. Ekman,et al.  Facial action coding system: a technique for the measurement of facial movement , 1978 .

[35]  David Cristinacce,et al.  Automatic feature localisation with constrained local models , 2008, Pattern Recognit..

[36]  Qingshan Liu,et al.  Segment and recognize expression phase by fusion of motion area and neutral divergence features , 2011, Face and Gesture 2011.

[37]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Soft Biometric Traits for Personal Recognition Systems , 2004, ICBA.

[38]  Xiaolong Wang,et al.  Kinship Measurement on Salient Facial Features , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[39]  Albert Ali Salah,et al.  Like Father, Like Son: Facial Expression Dynamics for Kinship Verification , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[40]  Mohammad H. Mahoor,et al.  Social risk and depression: Evidence from manual and automatic facial expression analysis , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[41]  Tsuhan Chen,et al.  Towards computational models of kinship verification , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[42]  Fred Nicolls,et al.  Locating Facial Features with an Extended Active Shape Model , 2008, ECCV.

[43]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Spatio-temporal Event Classification Using Time-Series Kernel Based Structured Sparsity , 2014, ECCV.

[44]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Active Appearance Models , 2001, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..