Coordinated dispatch of electric vehicles and wind power considering time-of-use pricing

With worldwide promotion of electric vehicles (EVs), it is possible to make flexible EV dispatch to support power grid operation, even assisting accommodation of intermittent renewable power. Under the framework of time-of-use (TOU) pricing mechanism, this paper focuses on how to determine a reasonable TOU price to influence the EV's charging habits for the purpose of load leveling. Firstly, EV load is simulated by Monte Carlo method based on EV driving behaviors. EV demand response to TOU price on an aggregator basis is then analyzed, and a bi-level mathematical models are developed to obtain an expected TOU price. The top level devotes to minimizing system load variance by scheduling EV aggregators (EVAs) with TOU price; the lower level is to minimize the charging cost of EVAs by dispatching every EV under its control. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed model and method are verified using an IEEE 30-bus simulation system.