조선시대 事大文書의 생산과 전달체계

The relationship between the Joseon Dynasty and China developed with a balance in justification and practicality, reflecting the comprehensive change in international and domestic environment. The international tribute system was in the form of Sahaeng(使行) with a purpose of achieving diplomatic goals of national interest. Sahaeng received and delivered documents of emperors and kings. Especially, Joseon experienced a period of rapid change and therefore strengthened the tribute system to secure its relationship with other countries and made efforts on delivering diplomatic documents (Sadae documents) to clearly show its national interest. The diplomacy of the Joseon dynasty was performed through warm reception of Chinese Sahaeng and messengers and was in the form of delivering documents. The Joseon documents made by the king were delivered and showing good service to the Chinese messengers meant receiving documents made by the emperor. The Sadae documents were made when there were diplomatic issues, according to diplomatic goals. Some of the Joseon's Sadae documents in the Ming and Ching period included pyomun, jonmun, jumun, jangmun, jamun, gyemun, sinmun, jeongmun, and danja. These documents were classified according to the final recipient and not by the contents. With the reorganization of government organs in the early Joseon period, the Seungmunwon became important as the significance and demand of Sadae documents increased due to the urgent development with Ming during the Taejo and Taejong period. The stages of developing Sadae documents were jesul, sonsa, dokjunsadae, pilsa, anbo, and bongli. During these stages, Joseon gave all efforts in trying to achieve its diplomatic goals. To avoid any kind of blame from China, Joseon provided clear references, included diplomatic demands, and even closely examined the letter forms in the documents. Despite all these efforts, Joseon faced diplomatic problems from the rule of pyojon. Contrary to the Ming period, problems regarding this rule arose many times during the Joseon period. This is due to the fact that the rule was promulgated case by case during the Ching period, whereas during the Ming period, only the representative rule was promulgated. Besides producing documents, Joseon made efforts in wrapping them aesthetically for diplomatic reasons. The documents papers, wrapping cloth were to give visual effects and help convey the meaning of the documents more efficiently. Although the document production ended with bongli, some modifications were made during delivery when they were needed. The delivered documents were different according to the orders of Sahaeng and there were rules for the number of individual documents. The delivery of Sadae documents started from Baepyo(拜表) and ended as Bokmyeong(覆命) and could be specifically classified according to domestic, Yodong, Beijing areas. The characteristics of Ming and Ching period could be seen in the delivery process. During the Ming period, the Sadae documents were sent to Yebu(禮部). There the documents were discussed, Anjeong(案呈), binded and sent to the munsebang of saregam and then pyowui(標擬) by the cabinet and finally delivered to the emperor. During the Ching period, the documents were first sent to Yebu, where the documents were discussed and copies of them made. Then they were sent to the cabinet and after being sent to different places, the opinions of Joseon were conveyed. The documents were delivered through Yebu, the cabinet, and eunuch during the Ming period, whereas during the Ching period, they were delivered through Yebu, the cabinet, and other Bang. The documentations were important since the production and management of Sadae documents have a close relationship with compiling history. The rules and procedures for producing and delivering Sadae documents were strict in order to abide by diplomatic formality, to prevent any problems that could arise from relationship between the Joseon and China, to effectively cope with the document delivery system of the standardized Chinese administrative government, and also to efficiently convey the diplomatic opinions of Joseon.