A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of The Theory of Island Biogeography

The 50th anniversary of the publication of the seminal book, The Theory of Island Biogeography, by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson, is a timely moment to review and identify key research foci that could advance island biology. Here, we take a collaborative horizon‐scanning approach to identify 50 fundamental questions for the continued development of the field.

[1]  Extinction And Biogeography Of Tropical Pacific Birds , 2019 .

[2]  B. Emerson,et al.  A combined field survey and molecular identification protocol for comparing forest arthropod biodiversity across spatial scales , 2017, Molecular ecology resources.

[3]  Richard Field,et al.  Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect , 2017, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[4]  M. Steinbauer.  A generalization of the taxon cycle , 2017 .

[5]  Mark V. Lomolino,et al.  ‘Island Life’ before man: biogeography of palaeo‐insular mammals , 2017 .

[6]  R. Shine,et al.  Drivers of Extinction Risk in Terrestrial Vertebrates , 2017 .

[7]  A. Antonelli,et al.  Ancient islands acted as refugia and pumps for conifer diversity , 2017, Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society.

[8]  B. Emerson,et al.  MtDNA metagenomics reveals large-scale invasion of belowground arthropod communities by introduced species. , 2017, Molecular ecology.

[9]  John-Arvid Grytnes,et al.  Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation (Forthcoming) , 2016 .

[10]  M. Cianciaruso,et al.  Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following extinctions in insular bird assemblages. , 2016, Ecology letters.

[11]  S. Butchart,et al.  Past and estimated future impact of invasive alien mammals on insular threatened vertebrate populations , 2016, Nature Communications.

[12]  R. Gillespie,et al.  Comparative phylogeography of oceanic archipelagos: Hotspots for inferences of evolutionary process , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  B. Emerson,et al.  Challenges, advances and perspectives in island biogeography , 2016 .

[14]  D. Demiguel.  Disentangling adaptive evolutionary radiations and the role of diet in promoting diversification on islands , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[15]  R. Whittaker,et al.  Towards a glacial-sensitive model of island biogeography , 2016 .

[16]  Ana M. C. Santos,et al.  New directions in island biogeography , 2016 .

[17]  Ana M. C. Santos,et al.  Global patterns of functional diversity and assemblage structure of island parasitoid faunas , 2016 .

[18]  C. Beierkuhnlein,et al.  Biogeographic ranges do not support niche theory in radiating Canary Island plant clades , 2016 .

[19]  J. Olesen,et al.  Global patterns of mainland and insular pollination networks , 2016 .

[20]  Neo D. Martinez,et al.  Community assembly on isolated islands: macroecology meets evolution , 2016 .

[21]  A. Bauer,et al.  Old but not ancient: coalescent species tree of New Caledonian geckos reveals recent post‐inundation diversification , 2016 .

[22]  Joshua S Madin,et al.  Scope for latitudinal extension of reef corals is species specific , 2016, Frontiers of Biogeography.

[23]  Lewis G. Spurgin,et al.  What are We Learning about Speciation and Extinction from the Canary Islands? , 2016, Ardeola.

[24]  J. Fernández-Palacios.  Island biogeography: Shaped by sea-level shifts , 2016, Nature.

[25]  H. Kreft,et al.  Late Quaternary climate change shapes island biodiversity , 2016, Nature.

[26]  B. Emerson,et al.  Evidence for multiple founding lineages and genetic admixture in the evolution of species within an oceanic island weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) super‐radiation , 2016 .

[27]  M. Chase,et al.  Processes Driving the Adaptive Radiation of a Tropical Tree ( Diospyros , Ebenaceae) in New Caledonia, a Biodiversity Hotspot , 2015, Systematic biology.

[28]  C. Silva,et al.  Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): Paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications , 2016 .

[29]  P. Cardoso,et al.  Using species abundance distribution models and diversity indices for biogeographical analyses , 2016 .

[30]  T. Barraclough,et al.  How Do Species Interactions Affect Evolutionary Dynamics Across Whole Communities , 2015 .

[31]  D. Rabosky,et al.  Species richness at continental scales is dominated by ecological limits. , 2015, The American naturalist.

[32]  Luke J Harmon,et al.  Species diversity is dynamic and unbounded at local and continental scales. , 2015, The American naturalist.

[33]  Ben G. Holt,et al.  Islands contribute disproportionately high amounts of evolutionary diversity in passerine birds , 2015, Nature Communications.

[34]  E. Wilson,et al.  Breaking out of biogeographical modules: range expansion and taxon cycles in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole , 2015, Journal of biogeography.

[35]  N. Guiomar,et al.  Strategies for conservation planning and management of terrestrial ecosystems in small islands (exemplified for the Macaronesian islands) , 2015 .

[36]  L. Knowles,et al.  Species‐specific responses to island connectivity cycles: refined models for testing phylogeographic concordance across a Mediterranean Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex , 2015, Molecular ecology.

[37]  Susanne A. Fritz,et al.  Global patterns and drivers of phylogenetic structure in island floras , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[38]  A. Vanderpoorten,et al.  How to define nativeness in organisms with high dispersal capacities? A comment on Essl et al. , 2015 .

[39]  D. Moser,et al.  Identifying alien bryophytes taking into account uncertainties: a reply to Patiño & Vanderpoorten (2015) , 2015 .

[40]  M. Carine,et al.  Approximate Bayesian Computation Reveals the Crucial Role of Oceanic Islands for the Assembly of Continental Biodiversity. , 2015, Systematic biology.

[41]  A. Phillimore,et al.  Equilibrium and non‐equilibrium dynamics simultaneously operate in the Galápagos islands , 2015, Ecology Letters.

[42]  L. Knowles,et al.  Genomic tests of the species‐pump hypothesis: Recent island connectivity cycles drive population divergence but not speciation in Caribbean crickets across the Virgin Islands , 2015, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[43]  F. Hendrickx,et al.  Persistent inter‐ and intraspecific gene exchange within a parallel radiation of caterpillar hunter beetles (Calosoma sp.) from the Galápagos , 2015, Molecular ecology.

[44]  P. Vargas,et al.  How do islands become green , 2015 .

[45]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Diversity regulation at macro-scales: species richness on oceanic archipelagos , 2015 .

[46]  M. C. Urban.  Accelerating extinction risk from climate change , 2015, Science.

[47]  N. Holmes,et al.  The Importance of Islands for the Protection of Biological and Linguistic Diversity , 2015 .

[48]  M. Nogales,et al.  Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude , 2015, PloS one.

[49]  J. Olesen,et al.  Bird–flower visitation networks in the Galápagos unveil a widespread interaction release , 2015, Nature Communications.

[50]  J. Caujapé‐Castells,et al.  Do island plant populations really have lower genetic variation than mainland populations? Effects of selection and distribution range on genetic diversity estimates , 2015, Molecular ecology.

[51]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Islands as model systems in ecology and evolution: prospects fifty years after MacArthur-Wilson. , 2015, Ecology letters.

[52]  P. Cardoso,et al.  BAT – Biodiversity Assessment Tools, an R package for the measurement and estimation of alpha and beta taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity , 2015 .

[53]  Hannah M. Wood,et al.  Why is Madagascar special? The extraordinarily slow evolution of pelican spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) , 2015, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[54]  G. Roderick,et al.  Rapid diversification of sexual signals in Hawaiian Nesosydne planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae): the relative role of neutral and selective forces , 2015, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[55]  Equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics simultaneously operate in the Gal apagos islands , 2015 .

[56]  A new golden era in island biogeography , 2015 .

[57]  B. Emerson,et al.  Fission and fusion in island taxa – serendipity, or something to be expected? , 2014, Molecular ecology.

[58]  D. Edwards,et al.  Lineage fusion in Galápagos giant tortoises , 2014, Molecular ecology.

[59]  P. Sólymos,et al.  Differences in species–area relationships among the major lineages of land plants: a macroecological perspective , 2014 .

[60]  D. Bromwich,et al.  A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond , 2014, Antarctic Science.

[61]  R. Whittaker,et al.  Functional biogeography of oceanic islands and the scaling of functional diversity in the Azores , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[62]  K. Burns,et al.  The repeated evolution of large seeds on islands , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[63]  T. Hengl,et al.  Quantifying surface‐area changes of volcanic islands driven by Pleistocene sea‐level cycles: biogeographical implications for the Macaronesian archipelagos , 2014 .

[64]  J. Ali,et al.  Exploring the combined role of eustasy and oceanic island thermal subsidence in shaping biodiversity on the Galápagos , 2014 .

[65]  Michael J. Hickerson,et al.  Detecting Concerted Demographic Response across Community Assemblages Using Hierarchical Approximate Bayesian Computation , 2014, Molecular biology and evolution.

[66]  H. Kreft,et al.  Biogeographic, climatic and spatial drivers differentially affect α-, β- and γ-diversities on oceanic archipelagos , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[67]  A. Phillimore,et al.  The effects of island ontogeny on species diversity and phylogeny , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[68]  P. Pritchard,et al.  Is the island rule general? Turtles disagree , 2014 .

[69]  M. Fay,et al.  Life history traits and patterns of diversification in oceanic archipelagos: a meta-analysis , 2014 .

[70]  J. Olesen,et al.  Plant colonization across the Galápagos Islands: success of the sea dispersal syndrome , 2014 .

[71]  C. Kueffer,et al.  Reconciling conflicting perspectives for biodiversity conservation in the Anthropocene , 2014 .

[72]  L. Spurgin,et al.  Genetic and phenotypic divergence in an island bird: isolation by distance, by colonization or by adaptation? , 2014, Molecular ecology.

[73]  A. Cleef,et al.  Island biogeography of tropical alpine floras , 2014 .

[74]  J. Wilmshurst,et al.  Use of Pollen and Ancient DNA as Conservation Baselines for Offshore Islands in New Zealand , 2014, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[75]  Caitlin E. Buck,et al.  Looking forward through the past: identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology , 2014 .

[76]  R. Whittaker,et al.  A General Dynamic Theory of Oceanic Island Biogeography: Extending the MacArthur- Wilson Theory to Accommodate the Rise and Fall of Volcanic Islands , 2014 .

[77]  S. Robinson,et al.  Eradication of cats (Felis catus) from subantarctic Macquarie Island , 2014 .

[78]  J. Fernández-Palacios,et al.  The anagenetic world of spore-producing land plants. , 2014, The New phytologist.

[79]  H. Calado,et al.  Strategies for marine wildlife tourism in small islands – the case of the Azores , 2016 .

[80]  E. Stokstad.  Island of the snakes. , 2013, Science.

[81]  Brody Sandel,et al.  Historical climate‐change influences modularity and nestedness of pollination networks , 2013 .

[82]  J. Olesen,et al.  Island biogeography of mutualistic interaction networks , 2013 .

[83]  W. Sutherland,et al.  The functional biogeography of species: biogeographical species roles of birds in Wallacea and the West Indies , 2013 .

[84]  E. Zavaleta,et al.  Feral Cats and Biodiversity Conservation: The Urgent Prioritization of Island Management , 2013 .

[85]  A. Vanderpoorten,et al.  Baker's law and the island syndromes in bryophytes , 2013 .

[86]  S. Hubbell,et al.  Estimating extinction from species--area relationships: why the numbers do not add up. , 2013, Ecology.

[87]  E. Smets,et al.  Insular Woodiness on the Canary Islands: A Remarkable Case of Convergent Evolution , 2013, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

[88]  Mark V. Lomolino,et al.  Of mice and mammoths: generality and antiquity of the island rule , 2013 .

[89]  Gordon M. Bennett,et al.  Historical biogeography and ecological opportunity in the adaptive radiation of native Hawaiian leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Nesophrosyne) , 2013 .

[90]  L. Harmon,et al.  A unified model of species immigration, extinction and abundance on islands , 2013 .

[91]  B. Stelbrink,et al.  Founder effects initiated rapid species radiation in Hawaiian cave planthoppers , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[92]  Ruben H. Heleno,et al.  Invaders of pollination networks in the Galápagos Islands: emergence of novel communities , 2013, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[93]  A. Solow,et al.  Species-area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss: comment. , 2013, Ecology.

[94]  R. Whittaker,et al.  The ancient forests of La Gomera, Canary Islands, and their sensitivity to environmental change , 2013 .

[95]  Shai Meiri,et al.  The island syndrome in lizards , 2013 .

[96]  G. Hewitt,et al.  Founder takes all: density-dependent processes structure biodiversity. , 2013, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[97]  M. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Evolutionary rescue by beneficial mutations in environments that change in space and time , 2013, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[98]  Wilfried Thuiller,et al.  Are species' responses to global change predicted by past niche evolution? , 2013, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[99]  J. Olesen,et al.  Seed dispersal networks in the Galápagos and the consequences of alien plant invasions , 2013, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[100]  Lindsay A. Turnbull,et al.  Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions , 2013 .

[101]  Morteza Djamali,et al.  Island Biogeography; ecology, evolution, and conservation , 2013 .

[102]  D. Richardson,et al.  Naturalization of introduced plants: ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns. , 2012, The New phytologist.

[103]  B. Emerson,et al.  Age, origins and extinctions of the avifauna of Macaronesia , 2012 .

[104]  K. Burns,et al.  Evolutionary size changes in plants of the south-west Pacific , 2012 .

[105]  P. Parker,et al.  Implications of goat eradication on the survivorship of the Galapagos hawk , 2012 .

[106]  Neo D. Martinez,et al.  Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere , 2012, Nature.

[107]  Species Differentiation on a Dynamic Landscape: Shifts in Metapopulation Genetic Structure Using the Chronology of the Hawaiian Archipelago , 2012, Evolutionary Biology.

[108]  J. Fernández-Palacios,et al.  opinion: Political erosion dismantles the conservation network existing in the Canary Islands , 2012 .

[109]  E. Meijaard,et al.  Are comparative studies of extinction risk useful for conservation? , 2012, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[110]  R. Whittaker,et al.  The island species–area relationship: biology and statistics , 2012 .

[111]  G. Roderick,et al.  Long-distance dispersal: a framework for hypothesis testing. , 2012, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[112]  A. Phillimore,et al.  Diversity-dependence brings molecular phylogenies closer to agreement with the fossil record , 2012, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[113]  P. Szövényi,et al.  Oceanic islands are not sinks of biodiversity in spore-producing plants , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[114]  Fredrik Ronquist,et al.  Phylogenetic Methods in Biogeography , 2011 .

[115]  Dominique Gravel,et al.  Trophic theory of island biogeography. , 2011, Ecology letters.

[116]  C. Orme,et al.  How diversification rates and diversity limits combine to create large-scale species–area relationships , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[117]  Ana M. C. Santos,et al.  Species pool structure determines the level of generalism of island parasitoid faunas , 2011 .

[118]  Murray A. Rudd,et al.  Methods for collaboratively identifying research priorities and emerging issues in science and policy , 2011 .

[119]  James Rosindell,et al.  A unified model of island biogeography sheds light on the zone of radiation. , 2011, Ecology letters.

[120]  S. Hubbell,et al.  Species–area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss , 2011, Nature.

[121]  Luís Silva,et al.  Testing Darwin's naturalization hypothesis in the Azores. , 2011, Ecology letters.

[122]  A phylogenetic basis for species-area relationships among three Pacific Island floras. , 2011, American journal of botany.

[123]  P. Vargas,et al.  Genetically Depauperate in the Continent but Rich in Oceanic Islands: Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands , 2011, PloS one.

[124]  R. Whittaker,et al.  A reconstruction of Palaeo‐Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long‐term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests , 2011 .

[125]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto-Papuan archipelago , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[126]  J. Caujapé‐Castells.  The Biology of Island Floras: Jesters, red queens, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora , 2011 .

[127]  Agustín Lobo,et al.  A Methodological Proposal for the Development of Natura 2000 Sites Management Plans , 2011 .

[128]  James Rosindell,et al.  Unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography , 2010, Scholarpedia.

[129]  José A. Díaz,et al.  A comparative study of clutch size, range size, and the conservation status of island vs. mainland lacertid lizards , 2010 .

[130]  N. H. Ravindranath,et al.  The top 100 questions of importance to the future of global agriculture , 2010 .

[131]  J. Montoya,et al.  Climate change, biotic interactions and ecosystem services , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[132]  Luís Silva,et al.  A global comparison of plant invasions on oceanic islands , 2010 .

[133]  A. Santos‐Guerra,et al.  Conservation of oceanic island floras: present and future global challenges. , 2010 .

[134]  Ana M. C. Santos,et al.  Extinction debt on oceanic islands , 2010 .

[135]  P. Geraldes,et al.  Successful eradication of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) from the island of Selvagem Grande (Macaronesian archipelago), in the Eastern Atlantic. , 2010, Integrative zoology.

[136]  T. Barraclough,et al.  Speciation Has a Spatial Scale That Depends on Levels of Gene Flow , 2010, The American Naturalist.

[137]  Ruben H. Heleno,et al.  Evaluation of restoration effectiveness: community response to the removal of alien plants. , 2009, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[138]  E. Wilson.  Island Biogeography in the 1960s: Theory and Experiment , 2009 .

[139]  Mark V. Lomolino,et al.  The Reticulating Phylogeny of Island Biogeography Theory , 2009, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[140]  H P Possingham,et al.  Major Conservation Policy Issues for Biodiversity in Oceania , 2009, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[141]  J. Tylianakis.  Warming Up Food Webs , 2009, Science.

[142]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Adaptation and diversification on islands , 2009, Nature.

[143]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited , 2009 .

[144]  Simon N. Stuart,et al.  Wildlife in a changing world , 2009 .

[145]  S. Stuart,et al.  Wildlife in a changing world : an analysis of the 2008 IUCN red list of threatened species , 2009 .

[146]  James F. Smith,et al.  Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae) , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[147]  B. Emerson,et al.  Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. , 2008, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[148]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Are islands the end of the colonization road? , 2008, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[149]  A. Boyer.  Extinction patterns in the avifauna of the Hawaiian islands , 2008 .

[150]  R. DeSalle,et al.  Out of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae) , 2008, Biology Letters.

[151]  Stephen P. Hubbell,et al.  Species Invasions and Extinction: The Future of Native Biodiversity on Islands , 2008 .

[152]  N. Cooper,et al.  The island rule: made to be broken? , 2008, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[153]  L. Jost.  Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. , 2007, Ecology.

[154]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  The Causes of Evolutionary Radiations in Archipelagoes: Passerine Birds in the Lesser Antilles , 2007, The American Naturalist.

[155]  P. Vargas.  Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey , 2007 .

[156]  A. Yoder,et al.  Has Vicariance or Dispersal Been the Predominant Biogeographic Force in Madagascar? Only Time Will Tell , 2006 .

[157]  Daniel L Rabosky,et al.  LIKELIHOOD METHODS FOR DETECTING TEMPORAL SHIFTS IN DIVERSIFICATION RATES , 2006, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[158]  K. McConkey,et al.  Flying foxes cease to function as seed dispersers long before they become rare. , 2006, Ecology.

[159]  C. Filardi,et al.  Single origin of a pan-Pacific bird group and upstream colonization of Australasia , 2005, Nature.

[160]  M. Carine.  Spatio-temporal relationships of the macaronesian endemic flora : a relictual series or window of opportunity? , 2005 .

[161]  J. Silvertown,et al.  The monophyly of island radiations: an evaluation of niche pre‐emption and some alternative explanations , 2005 .

[162]  Brent C. Emerson,et al.  Species diversity can drive speciation , 2005, Nature.

[163]  R. Lande,et al.  Diversity, Endemism, and Age Distributions in Macroevolutionary Sources and Sinks , 2005, The American Naturalist.

[164]  B. Emerson,et al.  DIVERSIFICATION OF THE FOREST BEETLE GENUS TARPHIUS ON THE CANARY ISLAND, AND THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF ISLAND ENDEMICS , 2005, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[165]  J. Olesen,et al.  Bird–flower interactions in the Macaronesian islands , 2004 .

[166]  G. Hewitt,et al.  The origin and radiation of Macaronesian beetles breeding in Euphorbia: the relative importance of multiple data partitions and population sampling. , 2004, Systematic biology.

[167]  A. Santos‐Guerra,et al.  Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent in Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae). , 2004, American journal of botany.

[168]  J. Silvertown.  The ghost of competition past in the phylogeny of island endemic plants , 2004 .

[169]  Ziheng Yang,et al.  Bayes estimation of species divergence times and ancestral population sizes using DNA sequences from multiple loci. , 2003, Genetics.

[170]  D. Clague,et al.  How old is the Hawaiian biota? Geology and phylogeny suggest recent divergence , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[171]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  The concept of the taxon cycle in biogeography , 2002 .

[172]  J. Olesen,et al.  Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists , 2002 .

[173]  R. Ricklefs,et al.  Nonequilibrium Diversity Dynamics of the Lesser Antillean Avifauna , 2001, Science.

[174]  J. L. Cherry,et al.  GENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY , 2000, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[175]  J. Sadler.  Biodiversity on oceanic islands:a palaeoecological assessment , 1999 .

[176]  D. V. Vuren,et al.  Insular Endemic Plants Lack Defenses Against Herbivores , 1997 .

[177]  R. Frankham.  Do island populations have less genetic variation than mainland populations? , 1997, Heredity.

[178]  Jacob McC. Overton,et al.  SHORT-TERM EVOLUTION OF REDUCED DISPERSAL IN ISLAND PLANT POPULATIONS , 1996 .

[179]  Robert D. Holt,et al.  Food Webs in Space: An Island Biogeographic Perspective , 1996 .

[180]  R. Whittaker,et al.  Structure in re-building insular ecosystems: an empirically derived model , 1994 .

[181]  A. Templeton,et al.  The theory of speciation via the founder principle. , 1980, Genetics.

[182]  James H. Brown,et al.  Turnover Rates in Insular Biogeography: Effect of Immigration on Extinction , 1977 .

[183]  Jared M. Diamond,et al.  THE ISLAND DILEMMA: LESSONS OF MODERN BIOGEOGRAPHIC STUDIES FOR THE DESIGN OF NATURAL RESERVES , 1975 .

[184]  E. Wilson.  The species equilibrium. , 1969, Brookhaven symposia in biology.

[185]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[186]  R. Macarthur,et al.  AN EQUILIBRIUM THEORY OF INSULAR ZOOGEOGRAPHY , 1963 .

[187]  Edward O. Wilson,et al.  The Nature of the Taxon Cycle in the Melanesian Ant Fauna , 1961, The American Naturalist.

[188]  C. Elton.  The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants , 1960, Springer US.