Gravel bed rivers VI : from process understanding to river restoration

Based on the interdisciplinary approaches between earth science, engineering, physical geography, ecology and management, this text focuses on the theoretical questions, case-studies, challenges, and constraints taken from river restoration. It is illustrated with reports of new ground-breaking research covering spatial and temporal scales of physical processes in river catchments, coupling catchment and fluvial processes, grain dynamics and fluvial forms and on geo-ecology and restoration in mountain gravel-bed river environments.Each chapter includes discussions and comments providing experience and feedback from the fundamental research. This book covers scales of analysis for gravel-bed rivers, physics and modeling of processes at local and point scales, sediment delivery and storage, eco-geography and eco-hydraulics, and channel management and restoration. Major topics in the field are presented by recognized scientific leaders. Chapters cover theories, practices, and methodologies in river management and restoration. The interdisciplinary approach includes case-studies on new, ground-breaking research.

[1]  A. Nicholas,et al.  Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow hydraulics in a braided channel , 1999 .

[2]  J. Hayward Hydrology and stream sediments in a mountain catchment , 1980 .

[3]  Brian Richter,et al.  A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration within a river network , 1998 .

[4]  Donald W. Knight,et al.  Boundary Shear in Smooth Rectangular Channels , 1984 .

[5]  J. Kollmann,et al.  Riverine landscapes: an introduction , 2002 .

[6]  Francine M. R. Hughes,et al.  Restoring Riparian Ecosystems: The Challenge of Accommodating Variability and Designing Restoration Trajectories , 2005 .

[7]  PETER W. DOWNS,et al.  Post-Project Appraisals in Adaptive Management of River Channel Restoration , 2002, Environmental management.

[8]  Keith Richards,et al.  Estimation of flow resistance in gravel‐bedded rivers: A physical explanation of the multiplier of roughness length , 1992 .

[9]  T. Coulthard Effects of vegetation on braided stream pattern and dynamics , 2005 .

[10]  J. Laronne,et al.  Bed Load Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Stream and a Comparison with Seasonal and Perennial Counterparts , 1995 .

[11]  C. Pringle What is hydrologic connectivity and why is it ecologically important? , 2003 .

[12]  J. Connell Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. , 1978, Science.

[13]  Steven W. Running,et al.  Three-dimensional mapping of geomorphic controls on flood-plain hydrology and connectivity from aerial photos , 2002 .

[14]  W. Dietrich,et al.  Downstream Ecological Effects of Dams: A geomorphic perspective , 1995 .

[15]  Klaus Jorde,et al.  23 Reservoir operations, physical processes, and ecosystem losses , 2007 .

[16]  J. Stednick Wildland Water Quality Sampling and Analysis , 1991 .

[17]  R. Hey,et al.  The effect of instream rehabilitation structures on macroinvertebrates in lowland rivers , 2004 .

[18]  D. Merritt,et al.  Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation : a comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin, USA , 2000 .

[19]  W. Dietrich,et al.  Sediment supply and the development of the coarse surface layer in gravel-bedded rivers , 1989, Nature.

[20]  A. Simon,et al.  Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability , 2002 .

[21]  R. Beschta,et al.  Restoration and management of riparian ecosystems: a catchment perspective , 1998 .

[22]  Marwan A. Hassan Characteristics of Gravel Bars in Ephemeral Streams , 2005 .

[23]  Daniel R. Parsons,et al.  Assessing the credibility of a series of computational fluid dynamic simulations of open channel flow , 2003 .

[24]  Thomas J. Buchanan,et al.  Discharge measurements at gaging stations , 1969 .

[25]  G. Fleming Learning to live with rivers—the ICE's report to government , 2002 .

[26]  Peter W. Downs,et al.  River Channel Management: Towards sustainable catchment hydrosystems , 2004 .

[27]  Jason W. Kean,et al.  Modeling effects of bank friction and woody bank vegetation on channel flow and boundary shear stress in the Rio Puerco, New Mexico , 2005 .

[28]  S. Railsback,et al.  Design and Performance of a Channel Reconstruction Project in a Coastal California Gravel-Bed Stream , 2001, Environmental management.

[29]  Rainer Zah,et al.  Flood-pulse and riverscape dynamics in a braided glacial river. , 2006, Ecology.

[30]  F. Hauer,et al.  The hydrogeomorphic approach to functional assessment of riparian wetlands: evaluating impacts and mitigation on river floodplains in the U.S.A. , 1998 .

[31]  Peter Calow,et al.  River conservation and management , 1992 .

[32]  R. Naiman,et al.  Biophysical interactions and the structure and dynamics of riverine ecosystems: the importance of biotic feedbacks , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[33]  D. Montgomery,et al.  A systematic analysis of eight decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel‐bedded rivers , 1997 .

[34]  Andrew Brookes,et al.  Channelized Rivers: Perspectives for Environmental Management , 1988 .

[35]  M. Wolman,et al.  Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers. , 1984 .

[36]  Janet Hooke,et al.  Use of terrestrial photogrammetry for monitoring and measuring bank erosion , 1997 .

[37]  M. Madej,et al.  Spatial variation in armouring in a channel with high sediment supply , 1992 .

[38]  Wei Xiong,et al.  Use of a three‐dimensional laser scanner to digitally capture the topography of sand dunes in high spatial resolution , 2004 .

[39]  Andrew Simon,et al.  Case Study: Channel Stability of the Missouri River, Eastern Montana , 2002 .

[40]  Jim H. Chandler,et al.  The assessment of sediment transport rates by automated digital photogrammetry: Photogram , 1998 .

[41]  D. Sear River restoration and geomorphology , 1994 .

[42]  R. Millar,et al.  Stable Width and Depth of Gravel-Bed Rivers with Cohesive Banks , 1998 .

[43]  R. Beschta Channel changes following storm-induced hillslope erosion in the upper Kowai basin, Torlesse range, New Zealand , 1983 .

[44]  Nels Johnson,et al.  Managing Water for People and Nature , 2001, Science.

[45]  Keith Beven,et al.  CHANGING RESPONSES IN HYDROLOGY : ASSESSING THE UNCERTAINTY IN PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL PREDICTIONS , 1991 .

[46]  D. J. Vanes Slope movement types and processes, in Landslides Analysis and control , 1978 .

[47]  L. B. Leopold,et al.  Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming , 1997 .

[48]  S. Darby,et al.  Effectiveness of grade-control structures in reducing erosion along incised river channels: the case of Hotophia Creek, Mississippi , 2002 .

[49]  Nicola Casagli,et al.  Stability of streambanks formed in partially saturated soils and effects of negative pore water pressures: the Sieve River (Italy) , 1999 .

[50]  Role of habitat variability in trout population dynamics: Application of a dynamic population model to three French rivers , 2004 .

[51]  M. Mast,et al.  Environmental Characteristics and Water Quality of Hydrologic Benchmark Network Stations in the Midwestern United States, 1963-95 , 1999 .

[52]  S. Abt,et al.  Sampling surface and subsurface particle-size distributions in wadable gravel- and cobble-bed streams for analyses in sediment transport, hydraulics, and streambed monitoring , 2001 .

[53]  K. Richards,et al.  Developments in monitoring and modelling small‐scale river bed topography , 1994 .

[54]  B. Abernethy,et al.  Where along a river's length will vegetation most effectively stabilise stream banks? , 1998 .

[55]  Stuart N. Lane,et al.  The development of an automated correction ­procedure for digital photogrammetry for the study of wide, shallow, gravel‐bed rivers , 2000 .

[56]  K. Beven,et al.  Equifinality and uncertainty in physically based soil erosion models: Application of the glue methodology to WEPP-the water erosion prediction project-for sites in the UK and USA , 2000 .

[57]  Hervé Capra,et al.  Predicting habitat suitability for lotic fish: linking statistical hydraulic models with multivariate habitat use models , 1998 .

[58]  Richard D. Hey,et al.  Flow Resistance in Gravel-Bed Rivers , 1979 .

[59]  M. Macklin,et al.  12 Non-stationarity of basin scale sediment delivery in response to climate change , 2007 .

[60]  Stuart N. Lane,et al.  New views of the morphodynamics of large braided rivers from high-resolution topographic surveys and time-lapse video , 2002 .

[61]  C. Thorne,et al.  Analysis of riverbank instability due to toe scour and lateral erosion , 1993 .

[62]  M. Church,et al.  Experiments on surface structure and partial sediment transport on a gravel bed , 2000 .

[63]  Riparian seed banks along the lower River Dove, UK: their structure and ecological implications , 2002 .

[64]  P. Wilcock,et al.  Partial transport in a natural gravel bed channel , 2003 .

[65]  G. Parker Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 1. The sand-silt river , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[66]  G. Parker Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile bed. Part 2. The gravel river , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[67]  K. Tockner,et al.  The fauna of dynamic riverine landscapes , 2002 .

[68]  D. Knighton Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective , 1998 .

[69]  J. Moody,et al.  Hydrologic and sedimentologic response of two burned watersheds in Colorado , 2001 .

[70]  M. Church Geomorphic thresholds in riverine landscapes , 2002 .

[71]  Gregory J. Hanson,et al.  Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA , 2001 .

[72]  Alan T. Herlihy,et al.  Assessment of streams of the eastern United States using a periphyton index of biotic integrity , 2003 .

[73]  Gerard Govers,et al.  Rill erosion on arable land in Central Belgium: Rates, controls and predictability , 1991 .

[74]  P. Calow,et al.  Essential elements in the case for river conservation , 1992 .

[75]  Michael Church,et al.  Stabilizing self‐organized structures in gravel‐bed stream channels: Field and experimental observations , 1998 .

[76]  K. Richards,et al.  Morphological Estimation of the Time‐Integrated Bed Load Transport Rate , 1995 .

[77]  A. Simon,et al.  Incorporating Bank-Toe Erosion by Hydraulic Shear into the ARS Bank- Stability Model: Missouri River, Eastern Montana , 2003 .

[78]  Chris Paola,et al.  Modelling Stream Braiding Over a Range of Scales , 2001 .

[79]  E. McDonald,et al.  Geomorphic controls on contaminant distribution along an ephemeral stream , 2004 .

[80]  David Gilvear,et al.  Quantification of channel bed morphology in gravel-bed rivers using airborne multispectral imagery and aerial photography , 1997 .

[81]  Luna Bergere Leopold,et al.  The View from the River: , 1994 .

[82]  A. Crosato Effects of smoothing and regridding in numerical meander migration models , 2007 .

[83]  S. Darby,et al.  Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel , 2000 .

[84]  M. Newson Geomorphological concepts and tools for sustainable river ecosystem management , 2002 .

[85]  J. Gore,et al.  Hydraulic Stream Ecology: Observed Patterns and Potential Applications , 1988, Journal of the North American Benthological Society.

[86]  J. Knox Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley , 2001 .

[87]  R. Lempert,et al.  Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative Long-Term Policy Analysis , 2003 .

[88]  Bruce Abernethy,et al.  The distribution and strength of riparian tree roots in relation to riverbank reinforcement , 2001 .

[89]  R. Naiman,et al.  River Ecology and Management , 1998 .

[90]  C. Hupp,et al.  Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes , 1996 .

[91]  C. Thorne,et al.  Stable Channels with Mobile Gravel Beds , 1986 .

[92]  H. Piégay,et al.  Causes of 20th century channel narrowing in mountain and piedmont rivers of southeastern France , 2002 .

[93]  Kandiah Arulanandan,et al.  Development of a quantitative method to predict critical shear stress and rate of erosion of natural undisturbed cohesive soils , 1980 .

[94]  D. Lawler The measurement of river bank erosion and lateral channel change: A review , 1993 .

[95]  William L. Graf,et al.  Damage Control: Restoring the Physical Integrity of America’s Rivers , 2001 .

[96]  S. Rice,et al.  Changes in woody debris and bed material texture in a gravel-bed channel , 2004 .

[97]  Gary J. Barton Characterization of channel substrate, and changes in suspended-sediment transport and channel geometry in white sturgeon spawning habitat in the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, following the closure of Libby Dam , 2004 .

[98]  J Rotmans,et al.  Uncertainty Management in Integrated Assessment Modeling: Towards a Pluralistic Approach , 2001, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[99]  C. Berenbrock Simulation of hydraulic characteristics in the white sturgeon spawning habitat of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho , 2005 .

[100]  J. Stanford,et al.  The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems , 1983 .

[101]  Nicola Casagli,et al.  Mechanisms of riverbank failure along the Arno River, central Italy , 2003 .

[102]  M. Selby,et al.  Hillslope materials and processes , 1982 .

[103]  P. Couper,et al.  Space and time in river bank erosion research: a review. , 2004 .

[104]  P. Wilcock,et al.  Surface-based Transport Model for Mixed-Size Sediment , 2003 .

[105]  S. Lane,et al.  Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel‐bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing , 2003 .

[106]  S. Rood,et al.  Streamflow requirements for cottonwood seedling recruitment—An integrative model , 1998, Wetlands.

[107]  David Gilvear,et al.  Fluvial geomorphology and river engineering: future roles utilizing a fluvial hydrosystems framework , 1999 .

[108]  R. Bras,et al.  Six myths about mathematical modeling in geomorphology , 2003 .

[109]  D. M. Lawler Defining the moment of erosion: the principle of thermal consonance timing , 2005 .

[110]  E. Barron,et al.  Estuarine circulation in the Turonian Western Interior seaway of North America , 1996 .

[111]  Natasha Pollen,et al.  Estimating the mechanical effects of riparian vegetation on stream bank stability using a fiber bundle model , 2005 .

[112]  G. Mathias Kondolf,et al.  Five Elements for Effective Evaluation of Stream Restoration , 1995 .

[113]  J. Brasington,et al.  Monitoring and modelling morphological change in a braided gravel‐bed river using high resolution GPS‐based survey , 2000 .

[114]  Hans J. Leutheusser,et al.  DISTRIBUTION OF TRACTIVE FORCE IN OPEN CHANNELS , 1970 .

[115]  Mario Aristide Lenzi,et al.  Interannual variation of suspended sediment load and sediment yield in an alpine catchment , 2003 .

[116]  R. Millar,et al.  Effect of Bank Stability on Geometry of Gravel Rivers , 1993 .

[117]  F. Swanson,et al.  Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed , 1982 .

[118]  W. Graf Dam nation: A geographic census of American dams and their large‐scale hydrologic impacts , 1999 .

[119]  D. Sear,et al.  Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England , 2004 .

[120]  G. Lanza,et al.  Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams , 1996 .

[121]  J. Hooke Magnitude and distribution of rates of river bank erosion , 1980 .

[122]  C. Thorne,et al.  Stability of composite river banks , 1981 .

[123]  Nils-Erik Wiberg,et al.  Finite element analysis of progressive failure in long slopes , 1990 .

[124]  K. Tockner,et al.  Riverine landscape diversity , 2002 .

[125]  André Saint-Hilaire,et al.  State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of Habitat Modelling for Determining Conservation Flows , 2003 .

[126]  D. Lawler,et al.  Bank erosion events and processes in the Upper Severn basin , 1997 .

[127]  D. G. Sutherland,et al.  Evolution of a landslide-induced sediment wave in the Navarro River, California , 2002 .

[128]  M. Everard,et al.  Rivers as living systems , 2002 .

[129]  C. Paola,et al.  Riparian vegetation controls on braided stream dynamics , 2001 .

[130]  D. Montgomery,et al.  Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins , 1997 .

[131]  W. Emmett A field calibration of the sediment-trapping characteristics of the Helley-Smith bedload sampler , 1979 .

[132]  K. M. Nolan,et al.  Measurement of stream discharge by wading , 2000 .

[133]  E. D. Cobb,et al.  The national hydrologic bench-mark network , 1971 .

[134]  G. Minshall,et al.  The River Continuum Concept , 1980 .

[135]  J. Corominas,et al.  The deep-seated slope deformation at Encampadana, Andorra: Representation of morphologic features by numerical modelling , 2006 .

[136]  Panayiotis Diplas,et al.  Evaluating spatially explicit metrics of stream energy gradients using hydrodynamic model simulations , 2000 .

[137]  David P. Braun,et al.  How much water does a river need , 1997 .

[138]  Geoffrey E. Petts,et al.  Impounded Rivers: Perspectives for Ecological Management , 1984 .

[139]  Thomas F. Waters,et al.  Sediment in streams: Sources, biological effects, and control , 1995 .

[140]  M. Church,et al.  Mobility of bed material in Harris Creek , 2002 .

[141]  M. Everard Investing in sustainable catchments. , 2004, The Science of the total environment.

[142]  M. A. Carson,et al.  Gravel transport in the braided Waimakariri River: Mechanisms, measurements and predictions , 1989 .

[143]  E. W. Lane Design of Stable Channels , 1955 .

[144]  J. Kean,et al.  Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 2. Irregular sequences , 2006 .

[145]  R. Beschta,et al.  A model of two-phase bedload transport in an oregon coast range stream , 1982 .

[146]  P. Klingeman,et al.  Bedload and Size Distribution in Paved Gravel-Bed Streams , 1983 .

[147]  L. Bull Magnitude and variation in the contribution of bank erosion to the suspended sediment load of the River Severn, UK , 1997 .

[148]  J. Pizzuto,et al.  The dominance of dispersion in the evolution of bed material waves in gravel‐bed rivers , 2001 .

[149]  C. Frissell,et al.  A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: Viewing streams in a watershed context , 1986 .

[150]  F. Douglas Shields,et al.  River Channel Restoration: Guiding Principles for Sustainable Projects. , 1997 .

[151]  D. Fredlund,et al.  Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils , 1993 .

[152]  Peter Calow,et al.  The River's handbook: hydrological and ecological principles. Vol. 1 , 1993 .

[153]  G. Mathias Kondolf,et al.  Lessons learned from river restoration projects in California , 1998 .

[154]  B. Eaton,et al.  Rational regime model of alluvial channel morphology and response , 2004 .

[155]  D. Fredlund,et al.  The shear strength of unsaturated soils , 1978 .

[156]  Daryl B. Simons,et al.  Sediment transport technology , 1977 .

[157]  G. J. Hanson,et al.  SURFACE ERODIBILITY OF EARTHEN CHANNELS AT HIGH STRESSES PART II - DEVELOPING AN IN SITU TESTING DEVICE , 1990 .

[158]  R. L. Naff,et al.  Temporal variations in bedload transport rates associated with the migration of bedforms , 1989 .

[159]  D. Montgomery,et al.  Effects of sediment supply on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers , 1999 .

[160]  Gravel transport and morphological change in braided Sunwapta River , 1994 .

[161]  M.B.A. van Asselt,et al.  Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk: The PRIMA Approach to Decision Support , 2000 .

[162]  Tom J. Coulthard,et al.  How sensitive are river systems to climate and land‐use changes? A model‐based evaluation , 2001 .

[163]  R A Lohnes,et al.  Slope Angles in Friable Loess , 1968, The Journal of Geology.

[164]  M. Church,et al.  Chapter 9 Upland gravel-bed rivers with low sediment transport , 2005 .

[165]  Bruce Abernethy,et al.  The effect of riparian tree roots on the mass-stability of riverbanks , 2000 .

[166]  Vincenzo D'Agostino,et al.  Bedload transport in the instrumented catchment of the Rio Cordon , 1999 .

[167]  G. Nanson,et al.  Anastomosis and the continuum of channel pattern , 1993 .

[168]  M. Clark,et al.  Dealing with uncertainty: adaptive approaches to sustainable river management , 2002 .

[169]  S. Lane,et al.  The Measurement of River Channel Morphology Using Digital Photogrammetry , 2000 .

[170]  Desmond E. Walling,et al.  Fingerprinting suspended sediment sources in the catchment of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, UK , 1999 .

[171]  Carmen Revenga,et al.  Pilot analysis of global ecosystems : freshwater systems , 2000 .

[172]  Joel H. Ferziger,et al.  Status of Large Eddy Simulation: Results of a Workshop , 1997 .

[173]  D. Walling Erosion and sediment yield research — Some recent perspectives , 1988 .

[174]  M. V. Eerdt Salt marsh cliff stability in the oosterschelde , 1985 .