These routes are made for walking : understanding the transactions between nature, recreational behaviour and environmental meanings in Dwingelderveld National Park, the Netherlands

Er is aangetoond dat natuurgebieden bijdragen aan het fysieke en psychische welzijn van mensen. Echter, een te hoge recreatiedruk kan kwetsbare ecosystemen beschadigen en bovendien de beleving van bezoekers nadelig beinvloeden. Zo is het groeiende aantal bezoekers aan bijvoorbeeld de Nederlandse nationale parken voor beheerders van deze gebieden een belangrijk aandachtspunt. Om natuurgebieden effectief te beheren, kunnen zoneringsplannen een nuttig hulpmiddel zijn. Zoneren is het aanbrengen van een ruimtelijke geleding waardoor gebiedsdelen ontstaan die elk bestemd worden voor verschillende activiteiten, ervaringen of bezoekintensiteiten. De ontwikkeling van zoneringsplannen is echter moeilijk als het inzicht ontbreekt in de precieze vraag naar verschillende recreatievormen, belevingen en huidige gebruiksniveaus. Met het voorgaande als uitgangspunt heeft de huidige studie tot doel om de relatie tussen de omgeving, recreatieve belevingen en het gedrag in een natuurgebied te begrijpen

[1]  R. Hart,et al.  Developmental Perspectives on Decision Making and Action in Environments , 1992 .

[2]  Daniel R. Williams MEASURING PLACE ATTACHMENT: MORE PRELIMINARY RESULTS , 1995 .

[3]  John Zacharias,et al.  PATH CHOICE AND VISUAL STIMULI: SIGNS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY AND ARCHITECTURE , 2001 .

[4]  P. Gustafson MEANINGS OF PLACE: EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE AND THEORETICAL CONCEPTUALIZATIONS , 2001 .

[5]  C. Allen,et al.  Teleology, function, design and the evolution of animal behaviour. , 1995, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[6]  J. F. Coeterier,et al.  Dominant attributes in the perception and evaluation of the Dutch landscape , 1996 .

[7]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  Problems in Place: Using Discursive Social Psychology to Investigate the Meanings of Seasonal Homes , 2008 .

[8]  Carol M. Werner,et al.  Walkable Route Perceptions and Physical Features , 2007 .

[9]  N. Eleftheriadis,et al.  Coastal pine forest landscapes: Modelling scenic beauty for forest management , 1990 .

[10]  P. Dearden Factors influencing landscape preferences: An empirical investigation , 1984 .

[11]  J. Corner Recovering landscape : essays in contemporary landscape architecture , 1999 .

[12]  K. Lewin Field theory in social science , 1951 .

[13]  Robert E Manning,et al.  Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in Arches National Park: an application of computer simulation modeling. , 2003, Journal of environmental management.

[14]  R. Brush,et al.  Group differences in the enjoyability of driving through rural landscapes , 2000 .

[15]  E. E. Jones The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. , 1976 .

[16]  Douglas Reiter,et al.  Effects of Ecological Information on Judgments about Scenic Impacts of Timber Harvest , 1996 .

[17]  G. Dann,et al.  Noticing notices: Tourism to Order , 2003 .

[18]  Andreas Koch,et al.  Monitoring, Simulation, and Management of Visitor Landscapes by Randy Gimblett and Hans Skov-Petersen (Eds.) , 2009, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[19]  K. Prach,et al.  Rehabilitation of monotonous exotic coniferous plantations: A case study of spontaneous establishment of different tree species , 2006 .

[20]  John Zacharias,et al.  Exploratory spatial behaviour in real and virtual environments , 2006 .

[21]  Nickolaus R. Feimer,et al.  The prediction of scenic beauty from landscape content and composition , 1984 .

[22]  S. Koole,et al.  New wilderness in the Netherlands: an investigation of visual preferences for nature development landscapes , 2006 .

[23]  G. Kyle,et al.  Linking place preferences with place meaning: An examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment , 2004 .

[24]  Marc Hockings,et al.  Evaluating effectiveness : a framework for assessing the management of protected areas , 2000 .

[25]  Jason Matthiopoulos,et al.  The use of space by animals as a function of accessibility and preference , 2003 .

[26]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective , 1989 .

[27]  Vior Beha,et al.  A POWERFUL THEORY AND A PARADOX Ecological Psychologists After Barker , 2005 .

[28]  Erik Cohen,et al.  The Sociology of Tourism: Approaches, Issues, and Findings , 1996 .

[29]  Ulrike Gretzel,et al.  Multicity trip patterns: Tourists to the United States , 2006 .

[30]  G. Kyle,et al.  Attached Recreationists “Who Are They?” , 2004 .

[31]  Randy Gimblett,et al.  RBSim 2: Simulating the complex interactions between human movement and the outdoor recreation environment , 2003 .

[32]  G. Fry,et al.  Indicators of perceived naturalness as drivers of landscape preference. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[33]  J. Bliss Public Perceptions of Clearcutting , 2000, Journal of Forestry.

[34]  R. L. Knight,et al.  Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research , 1997 .

[35]  Steven R. Lawson,et al.  Computer Simulation as a Tool for Planning and Management of Visitor Use in Protected Natural Areas , 2006 .

[36]  J. R. Wherrett Creating Landscape Preference Models Using Internet Survey Techniques , 2000 .

[37]  R. Barker Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behavior , 1968 .

[38]  T. Daniel,et al.  Measuring landscape esthetics: the scenic beauty estimation method , 1976 .

[39]  Martin Young,et al.  Cognitive maps of nature-based tourists , 1999 .

[40]  J. Lengkeek Vakantie van het leven. Over het belang van recreatie en toerisme. , 1996 .

[41]  R. Stedman Toward a Social Psychology of Place , 2002 .

[42]  Daniel R. Williams Pluralities of place: a user's guide to place concepts, theories, and philosophies in natural resource management. , 2008 .

[43]  P. Coelho,et al.  The Choice between a Fivepoint and a Ten-point Scale in the Framework of Customer Satisfaction Measurement , 2007 .

[44]  O. Reiser,et al.  Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[45]  Daniel R. Williams,et al.  Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place , 1992 .

[46]  S. Zarnoch,et al.  An outdoor recreation use model with applications to evaluating survey estimators , 2005 .

[47]  H. Zwart Aquaphobia, Tulipmania, Biophilia: A Moral Geography of the Dutch Landscape , 2003, Environmental Values.

[48]  L. M. Anderson,et al.  Land Use Designations Affect Perception of Scenic Beauty in Forest Landscapes , 1981 .

[49]  J. Cary,et al.  Landscape Preferences, Ecological Quality, and Biodiversity Protection , 2002 .

[50]  I. Deary,et al.  Personality traits, 2nd ed. , 2003 .

[51]  Arne Arnberger,et al.  Methods for Visitor Monitoring in Recreational and Protected Areas : An Overview , 2002 .

[52]  R. Ulrich Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment , 1983 .

[53]  S. Iso-Ahola,et al.  Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder , 1982 .

[54]  Rural Tourism Development: A Network Perspective , 2007 .

[55]  T. Cassidy,et al.  Environmental Psychology: Behaviour and Experience In Context , 1997 .

[56]  Dorothy H. Anderson,et al.  Getting From Sense of Place to Place-Based Management: An Interpretive Investigation of Place Meanings and Perceptions of Landscape Change , 2005 .

[57]  W. Stephenson The study of behavior : Q-technique and its methodology , 1955 .

[58]  Mary-Ann Knudstrup,et al.  Experiences from GPS tracking of visitors in three Public Parks in Denmark based on GPS technologies , 2008 .

[59]  Douglas D. Perkins,et al.  Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning , 2006 .

[60]  David O'Sullivan,et al.  Geographical information science: agent-based models , 2008 .

[61]  J. F. Coeterier,et al.  GROUP DIFFERENCES IN THE AESTHETIC EVALUATION OF NATURE DEVELOPMENT PLANS: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH , 1998 .

[62]  E. Strumse DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN THE VISUAL PREFERENCES FOR AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES IN WESTERN NORWAY , 1996 .

[63]  R. Wayne Fuqua,et al.  The Effects of Public Commitment and Group Feedback on Curbside Recycling , 1995 .

[64]  H. Minami,et al.  Transition from the University to the Workplace , 1992 .

[65]  Heather Gibson,et al.  Roles tourists play , 1992 .

[66]  U. Bronfenbrenner Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development. , 1977 .

[67]  Allan M. Williams,et al.  Tourism Research , 1992 .

[68]  Ervin H. Zube,et al.  Landscape perception: Research, application and theory , 1982 .

[69]  Alan M. MacEachren,et al.  How Maps Work - Representation, Visualization, and Design , 1995 .

[70]  Simon Bell,et al.  Design for outdoor recreation , 1997 .

[71]  Terry J. Brown,et al.  AESTHETICS AND MANAGEMENT: BRIDGING THE GAP , 1986 .

[72]  S. F. Witt,et al.  Tourism as experience: The case of heritage parks , 1998 .

[73]  Steven C. Bourassa A Paradigm for Landscape Aesthetics , 1990 .

[74]  Birgit H. M. Elands,et al.  Experiencing nature: The recognition of the symbolic environment within research and management of visitor flows , 2007 .

[75]  D. Kerstetter,et al.  Level of Specialization and Place Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Whitewater Recreationists , 2000 .

[76]  Daniel Stokols,et al.  CONCEPTUALIZING THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR , 1998 .

[77]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  Prediction of the amenity of a tree stand , 1988 .

[78]  G. Kyle,et al.  Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting , 2004 .

[79]  E. Lyons Demographic Correlates of Landscape Preference , 1983 .

[80]  JoséV. DeLucio,et al.  LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES AND BEHAVIOUR OF VISITORS TO SPANISH NATIONAL PARKS , 1994 .

[81]  A. Stamps Demographic Effects in Environmental Aesthetics: A Meta-Analysis , 1999 .

[82]  A. Lothian Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics: is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder? , 1999 .

[83]  M. Brinkhuijsen LANDSCAPE 1:1. A study of designs for leisure in the Dutch countryside. , 2008 .

[84]  B. Hillier,et al.  The Social Logic of Space , 1984 .

[85]  David G. Pitt,et al.  Where Dutch recreationists walk: path design, physical features and walker usage , 2008 .

[86]  Andreas Muhar,et al.  Potential and limitations of GPS tracking for monitoring spatial and temporal aspects of visitor behaviour in recreational areas , 2010 .

[87]  Caroline M. Hagerhall,et al.  CONSENSUS IN LANDSCAPE PREFERENCE JUDGEMENTS , 2001 .

[88]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[89]  Visitor and Recreation Impact Monitoring: Is It Lost in the Gulf between Science and Management? , 2006 .

[90]  K. Durrheim,et al.  Displacing place-identity: a discursive approach to locating self and other. , 2000, The British journal of social psychology.

[91]  M. Carolan “This Is Not a Biodiversity Hotspot”: The Power of Maps and Other Images in the Environmental Sciences , 2009 .

[92]  B. Thapa,et al.  Relationships between trip motivations and selected variables among Allegheny National Forest visitors. , 2000 .

[93]  Kobus Barnard,et al.  Probabilistic travel modeling using GPS , 2005 .

[94]  Douglas Amedeo Chapter 4 Emotions in Person-Environment-Behavior Episodes , 1993 .

[95]  W. Freimund,et al.  The politics of place: Understanding meaning, common ground, and political difference on the Rocky Mountain Front : Sense of place , 2003 .

[96]  Typology of recreation experiences: Application in a Dutch forest service visitor monitoring survey , 2005 .

[97]  J. Baird,et al.  Perspectives on environment and behavior : theory, research, and applications , 1978 .

[98]  G. Godbey Leisure in Your Life: An Exploration , 1981 .

[99]  Ester Cerin,et al.  Objective Versus Perceived Walking Distances to Destinations , 2008 .

[100]  Bart Kuijpers,et al.  Recognizing patterns of movements in visitor flows in nature areas , 2008 .

[101]  Tina Kelley Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder , 2007 .

[102]  Marino Bonaiuto,et al.  Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues , 2002 .

[103]  Daniel Stokols,et al.  Transportation and Well-Being , 1981 .

[104]  Prem Chhetri,et al.  Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations , 2004 .

[105]  S. Pepper World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence , 1942 .

[106]  J. Palmer Using spatial metrics to predict scenic perception in a changing landscape: Dennis, Massachusetts , 2004 .

[107]  Hjp Harry Timmermans,et al.  Vacation behavior using a sequence alignment method , 2002 .

[108]  Roger L. Moore,et al.  Place Attachment and Context: Comparing a Park and a Trail Within , 2003 .

[109]  Ian D. Bishop,et al.  Simulation, Calibration and Validation of Recreational Agents in an Urban Park Environment , 2008 .

[110]  P. Thornton,et al.  Revisiting Time—Space Diaries: An Exploratory Case Study of Tourist Behaviour in Cornwall, England , 1997 .

[111]  Robert L. Ryan,et al.  With people in mind : design and management of everyday nature , 1998 .

[112]  M. Jacobs The production of mindscapes : a comprehensive theory of landscape experience , 2006 .

[113]  R. Brouwer,et al.  The Multiple Realities of the Rural Environment. The Significance of Tourist Images for the Countryside , 1997 .

[114]  J. Keulartz,et al.  Valuation of Nature in Conservation and Restoration , 2001 .

[115]  W. Hammitt,et al.  Place Bonding for Recreation Places: Conceptual and Empirical Development , 2006 .

[116]  M. Arriaza,et al.  Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes , 2004 .

[117]  Randy Gimblett Modelling human-landscape interactions in spatially complex settings: Where are we and where are we going? , 2005 .

[118]  Noam Shoval,et al.  Tracking tourists in the digital age , 2007 .

[119]  W. Hammitt,et al.  Experience Use History, Place Bonding and Resource Substitution of Trout Anglers During Recreation Engagements , 2004 .

[120]  Warren R. Bacon The visual management system of the Forest Service, USDA , 1979 .

[121]  C. L. Crooks,et al.  Cultural and Developmental Comparisons of Landscape Perceptions and Preferences , 2000 .

[122]  Richard S. Krannich,et al.  Attachments to Special Places on Public Lands: An Analysis of Activities, Reason for Attachments, and Community Connections , 2000 .

[123]  R. B. Hull,et al.  The Landscape Encountered and Experienced While Hiking , 1995 .

[124]  R. Schreyer,et al.  Conflict in outdoor recreation: a theoretical perspective. , 1980 .

[125]  D. A. King,et al.  Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[126]  Targeted interpretation: exploring relationships among visitors' motivations, activities, attitudes, information needs and preferences , 1998 .

[127]  J. Dawes Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used? An Experiment Using 5-Point, 7-Point and 10-Point Scales , 2008 .

[128]  R. Millward,et al.  The Experience of Landscape , 1988 .

[129]  J. Nasar,et al.  Landscape mirror: the attractiveness of reflecting water , 2004 .

[130]  Mark W. Brunson,et al.  Assessing Recreational and Scenic Quality: How Does "New Forestry" Rate? , 1992 .

[131]  Bin Jiang,et al.  Ranking spaces for predicting human movement in an urban environment , 2006, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[132]  R. Stedman Is It Really Just a Social Construction?: The Contribution of the Physical Environment to Sense of Place , 2003 .

[133]  Susan I. Stewart,et al.  The social aspects of landscape change: protecting open space under the pressure of development , 2004 .

[134]  S. Kellert A National Study of Outdoor Wilderness Experience. , 1998 .

[135]  C. Holahan Cognition and Environment: Functioning in an Uncertain World. , 1984 .

[136]  Randy Gimblett,et al.  Spatially-explicit autonomous agents for modelling recreation use in complex wilderness landscapes , 1996 .

[137]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Managing ecotourism: an opportunity spectrum approach , 1996, Tourism Management.

[138]  J. Lengkeek Van recreatiekunde naar sociaal-ruimtelijke analyse , 2001 .

[139]  R. Payne,et al.  Development of a values-based approach to managing recreation on Canadian Crown lands , 2004 .

[140]  M. Bonaiuto,et al.  Neighborhood Evaluation within a Multiplace Perspective on Urban Activities , 2004 .

[141]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Space is the machine , 1996 .

[142]  Michael E. Patterson,et al.  Environmental psychology: Mapping landscape meanings for ecosystem management , 1999 .

[143]  Åsa Ode,et al.  Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character , 2006 .

[144]  T. R. Herzog,et al.  Legibility, Mystery, and Visual Access as Predictors of Preference and Perceived Danger in Forest Settings without Pathways , 2004 .

[145]  J. Palmer The perceived scenic effects of clearcutting in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[146]  L. Sýkora,et al.  A city in motion: time‐space activity and mobility patterns of suburban inhabitants and the structuration of the spatial organization of the prague metropolitan area , 2007 .

[147]  B. L. Driver,et al.  Measuring Leisure Motivation: A Meta-Analysis of the Recreation Experience Preference Scales , 1996 .

[148]  Constantino Arce,et al.  CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSCAPES USING QUANTITATIVE AND CATEGORICAL DATA, AND PREDICTION OF THEIR SCENIC BEAUTY IN NORTH-WESTERN SPAIN , 2000 .

[149]  A. Stamps Mystery, complexity, legibility and coherence: A meta-analysis , 2004 .

[150]  J. May Globalization and the Politics of Place: Place and Identity in an Inner London Neighbourhood , 1996 .

[151]  John Westlake,et al.  Environment and tourism , 1993 .

[152]  J. Crampton Maps as social constructions: power, communication and visualization , 2001 .

[153]  S. Mccool,et al.  How the public perceives the visual effects of timber harvesting: an evaluation of interest group preferences , 1986 .

[154]  Trevor J. Cox,et al.  Urban Environmental Quality , 2009 .

[155]  Paul J.J. Pennartz,et al.  Atmosphere at home, a qualitative approach. , 1986 .

[156]  E. M. Bjorklund,et al.  TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORIES IN BEHAVIORAL GEOGRAPHY , 1988 .

[157]  Terry J. Brown,et al.  A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Preferences for Landscape Styles and Landscape Elements , 1992 .

[158]  H. Timmermans,et al.  Stated preference and choice models applied to recreation research : a review , 1990 .

[159]  J. K. S. Jacobsen Use of Landscape Perception Methods in Tourism Studies: A Review of Photo-Based Research Approaches , 2007 .

[160]  G. Henning The Guided Hike in Banff National Park: A Hermeneutical Performance , 2008 .

[161]  M. Antrop Why landscapes of the past are important for the future , 2005 .

[162]  Terry Hartig,et al.  Nature experience in transactional perspective , 1993 .

[163]  Antony S. Cheng,et al.  "Place" as an Integrating Concept in Natural Resource Politics: Propositions for a Social Science Research Agenda , 2003 .

[164]  A. Buijs,et al.  No wilderness for immigrants: Cultural differences in images of nature and landscape preferences , 2009 .

[165]  P. Bourdieu Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste* , 2018, Food and Culture.

[166]  T. Daniel Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century , 2001 .

[167]  Irwin Altman,et al.  A Transactional Perspective on Transitions to New Environments , 1992 .

[168]  Paul Opdam,et al.  Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes , 2006 .

[169]  David N. Cole,et al.  Computer simulation modeling of recreation use: Current status, case studies, and future directions , 2005 .

[170]  Birgit H. M. Elands,et al.  Keep an Eye on Nature Experiences: Implications for Management and Simulation , 2008 .

[171]  Rudi Hartmann,et al.  Combining field methods in tourism research , 1988 .

[172]  A. Moudon,et al.  Correlates of Walking for Transportation or Recreation Purposes. , 2006, Journal of physical activity & health.

[173]  U. Pröbstl,et al.  Outdoor Recreation and Nature Tourism:A European Perspective , 2007 .

[174]  Daniel R. Williams Leisure Identities, Globalization, and the Politics of Place , 2002 .

[175]  G. Dann Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism , 1977 .

[176]  D. Cole Minimizing conflict between recreation and nature conservation , 1993 .

[177]  V. Noreika,et al.  Environmental Psychology , 2018 .

[178]  David N. Cole,et al.  Overview of Computer Simulation Modeling Approaches and Methods , 2005 .

[179]  Ben Jacks,et al.  Walking and Reading in Landscape , 2007, Landscape Journal.

[180]  S. Iso-Ahola,et al.  The Social Psychology of Leisure and Recreation , 1980 .

[181]  Randy Gimblett,et al.  Generating confidence intervals for spatial simulations - Determining the number of replications for spatial terminating simulations , 2005 .