Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Althoughmuchhasbeenlearnedin 30 years, substantial challenges re-mainindiagnosingandpreventingthisdisorder.Ourgoalistosummarizewhathasrecentlybeenreportedwithrespectto fetal alcohol terminology, identifica-tion, effects, prevalence, and preven-tionofexposure.Wewillemphasizehowfetal alcohol exposure is routinely un-deridentified and what is known aboutwhoisatrisk.Withthisknowledge,phy-sicians should be better able to identifyat-risk pregnancies and alcohol-affectedindividualsandaddressfetalal-cohol exposure in the clinical setting.

[1]  I. Autti-Rämö,et al.  Neurocognitive Impairment in Early Adolescence Following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure of Varying Duration , 2003, Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence.

[2]  J. D. Cook.  Biochemical markers of alcohol use in pregnant women. , 2003, Clinical biochemistry.

[3]  G. Koren,et al.  Neonatal hair analysis as a biomarker for in utero alcohol exposure. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  G. Koren,et al.  A survey of physicians knowledge regarding awareness of maternal alcohol use and the diagnosis of FAS. , 2002, BMC family practice.

[5]  J. Graham,et al.  Psychiatric Illness in a Clinical Sample of Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure , 2002, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[6]  J. Janisse,et al.  Prenatal alcohol exposure and childhood behavior at age 6 to 7 years: I. dose-response effect. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[7]  R. Cadoret,et al.  The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: comparisons from an adoption study. , 2001, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[8]  P. May,et al.  Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary. , 2001 .

[9]  P. Wilbourne,et al.  Motivational Interventions in Prenatal Clinics , 2001, Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

[10]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Direct and Indirect Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Damage on Executive Function , 2000, Developmental neuropsychology.

[11]  A. Falek,et al.  Early identification of risk for effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. , 2000, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[12]  L. Wilkins-Haug,et al.  A brief intervention for prenatal alcohol use: an in-depth look. , 2000, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[13]  J. Stoler,et al.  Under-Recognition of Prenatal Alcohol Effects in Infants of Known Alcohol Abusing Women , 2000 .

[14]  E P Riley,et al.  Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. , 1999, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[15]  E P Riley,et al.  Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. , 1999, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[16]  W. Miller,et al.  Findings of a pilot study of motivational interviewing with pregnant drinkers. , 1999, Journal of studies on alcohol.

[17]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Individual Differences in Auditory and Among Fetal Alcohol-Affected Visual Attention Adults , 1999 .

[18]  E. Luman,et al.  Alcohol Consumption by Pregnant Women in the United States During 1988–1995 , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[19]  M. Kruger,et al.  How do physicians define "light," "moderate," and "heavy" drinking? , 1998, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[20]  R. Cadoret,et al.  Effect of fetal alcohol exposure on adult symptoms of nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence. , 1998, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.

[21]  L. Wilkins-Haug,et al.  Alcohol Use and Pregnancy: Improving Identification , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[22]  L. Kaskutas,et al.  Reach and Effects of Health Messages on Drinking during Pregnancy , 1998 .

[23]  F L Bookstein,et al.  Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. , 1997, Teratology.

[24]  Alcohol consumption among pregnant and childbearing-aged women--United States, 1991 and 1995. , 1997, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[25]  J. Jacobson,et al.  Increased vulnerability to alcohol-related birth defects in the offspring of mothers over 30. , 1996, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[26]  F. Battaglia,et al.  Fetal alcohol syndrome : diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment , 1996 .

[27]  R. Sokol,et al.  Identification and care of problems associated with alcohol ingestion in pregnancy. , 1995, Seminars in perinatology.

[28]  J. Jacobson,et al.  Effects of fetal alcohol exposure on infant reaction time. , 1994, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[29]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Maternal drinking during pregnancy: attention and short-term memory in 14-year-old offspring--a longitudinal prospective study. , 1994, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[30]  J. Ager,et al.  A time series analysis of the impact of the alcohol warning label on antenatal drinking. , 1993, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[31]  P. Fried,et al.  A follow-up study of attentional behavior in 6-year-old children exposed prenatally to marihuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. , 1992, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[32]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Prenatal exposure to alcohol and school problems in late childhood: A longitudinal prospective study , 1992, Development and Psychopathology.

[33]  W. Miller,et al.  Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior , 1991 .

[34]  A. Falek,et al.  Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development. , 1991, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[35]  C. Rosenfeld,et al.  Failure to recognize fetal alcohol syndrome in newborn infants. , 1991, American journal of diseases of children.

[36]  P. Sampson,et al.  Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years. , 1990, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[37]  F L Bookstein,et al.  Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol: Part III. PLS analyses of neuropsychologic tests. , 1989, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[38]  R J Sokol,et al.  The T-ACE questions: practical prenatal detection of risk-drinking. , 1989, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[39]  R. Sokol,et al.  Underreporting of alcohol use in pregnancy. , 1988, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[40]  P. Sampson,et al.  Attention, distraction and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure. , 1986, Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology.

[41]  H. Barr,et al.  Alcohol exposure in utero and functional deficits in children during the first four years of life. , 2008, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[42]  H. Rosett,et al.  Treatment experience with pregnant problem drinkers. , 1983, JAMA.

[43]  G. Larsson,et al.  Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Effects , 1983, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[44]  Patricia Aikins.  Surgeon general's advisory on alcohol and pregnancy. , 1981, FDA drug bulletin.

[45]  S. Clarren.  Recognition of fetal alcohol syndrome. , 1981, JAMA.

[46]  R. Little,et al.  Behavioral correlates of prenatal alcohol exposure: a four-year follow-up study. , 1981, Neurobehavioral toxicology and teratology.

[47]  David W. Smith,et al.  Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. , 1973, Lancet.