Nucleotide-excision repair and prostate cancer risk.

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Its etiology is not fully understood. Ethnicity/race and family history are associated with it, and incidence increases with age. As with other solid tumors, accumulation of mutations and decline in DNA repair during aging may lead to CaP. However, we believe that conducting a large population screening for every cancer susceptibility gene (e.g. DNA repair) is only meaningful, if we can predict to what extent genetic variants contribute to DNA-repair functional phenotype and CaP risk. This review focuses on the association between CaP and nucleotide excision repair (NER), because some of the DNA adducts generated by CaP-related carcinogens are removed by the NER pathway, and our previous data showed a significant association between lower NER capacity (NERC) and CaP risk. Many laboratories, including ours, have employed a variety of approaches to evaluate the functional significance of DNA-repair single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human cancer risk assessment. Genetic profiling and computational modeling that can predict NERC may have great potential for CaP-risk assessment, because the current NERC assay is quite labor intensive, costly, and therefore not suitable for population-based screening.

[1]  K. Lohman,et al.  The ADPRT V762A Genetic Variant Contributes to Prostate Cancer Susceptibility and Deficient Enzyme Function , 2004, Cancer Research.

[2]  K. Do,et al.  Smoking and prostate cancer. , 2001, Epidemiologic reviews.

[3]  R. Wood,et al.  Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components , 1995, Cell.

[4]  C. Ingles,et al.  RPA involvement in the damage-recognition and incision steps of nucleotide excision repair , 1995, Nature.

[5]  L. Grossman,et al.  DNA repair and nonmelanoma skin cancer in Puerto Rican populations. , 2003, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[6]  A. Baccarelli,et al.  XPD gene polymorphism and host characteristics in the association with cutaneous malignant melanoma risk , 2004, British Journal of Cancer.

[7]  L Grossman,et al.  DNA repair and aging in basal cell carcinoma: a molecular epidemiology study. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[8]  M. Spitz,et al.  XPA polymorphism associated with reduced lung cancer risk and a modulating effect on nucleotide excision repair capacity. , 2003, Carcinogenesis.

[9]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2004 , 2004, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[10]  E. Sturgis,et al.  DNA repair in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with head and neck cancer. , 1999, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[11]  U. Vogel,et al.  Low DNA repair is a risk factor in skin carcinogenesis: a study of basal cell carcinoma in psoriasis patients. , 1999, Mutation research.

[12]  R. Corona,et al.  Factors that influence the DNA repair capacity of normal and skin cancer-affected individuals. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[13]  J. Hoeijmakers,et al.  Translocation of Cockayne syndrome group A protein to the nuclear matrix: Possible relevance to transcription-coupled DNA repair , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  A. Yasui,et al.  DNA Repair Protein XPA Binds Replication Protein A (RPA) (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[15]  G. Matanoski,et al.  DNA repair and susceptibility to basal cell carcinoma: a case-control study. , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.

[16]  Christopher I Amos,et al.  Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer: the role of DNA damage and repair. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[17]  J. Siemiatycki,et al.  Occupation and prostate cancer. , 2001, Epidemiologic reviews.

[18]  G. Matanoski,et al.  DNA repair capacity for ultraviolet light-induced damage is reduced in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with basal cell carcinoma. , 1995, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[19]  N. Polissar,et al.  Age-related radical-induced DNA damage is linked to prostate cancer. , 2001, Cancer research.

[20]  B. Glickman,et al.  Human DNA repair systems: An overview , 1999, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[21]  J. Hoeijmakers,et al.  The ERCC2/DNA repair protein is associated with the class II BTF2/TFIIH transcription factor. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[22]  S. Singletary,et al.  Reduced DNA repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced adducts and common XPD polymorphisms in breast cancer patients. , 2004, Carcinogenesis.

[23]  Maria Teresa Landi,et al.  DNA repair, dysplastic nevi, and sunlight sensitivity in the development of cutaneous malignant melanoma. , 2002, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[24]  D. English,et al.  DNA repair capacity as a risk factor for non‐melanocytic skin cancer—a molecular epidemiological study , 1994, International journal of cancer.

[25]  Jeffrey E. Lee,et al.  Repair of UV light-induced DNA damage and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[26]  P. Chambon,et al.  DNA repair helicase: a component of BTF2 (TFIIH) basic transcription factor. , 1993, Science.

[27]  S. West,et al.  XPG endonuclease makes the 3′ incision in human DNA nucleotide excision repair , 1994, Nature.

[28]  S. Coughlin,et al.  A review of genetic polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk. , 2002, Annals of epidemiology.

[29]  R. Legerski,et al.  An interaction between the DNA repair factor XPA and replication protein A appears essential for nucleotide excision repair , 1995, Molecular and cellular biology.

[30]  M. Stratton,et al.  The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group United Kingdom Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. , 2000, Cancer research.

[31]  M. Dizdaroglu,et al.  Advances in DNA Damage and Repair , 1999, NATO ASI Series.

[32]  L. Pinsky,et al.  Update of the androgen receptor gene mutations database , 1999, Human mutation.

[33]  M. Thun,et al.  Smoking and fatal prostate cancer in a large cohort of adult men. , 1997, American journal of epidemiology.

[34]  Richard D. Wood,et al.  Human DNA Repair Genes , 2001, Science.

[35]  I. M. Jones,et al.  Identification of 127 amino acid substitution variants in screening 37 DNA repair genes in humans. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[36]  M. Macera,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene and detection of point mutations by the non-isotopic RNAse cleavage assay in prostate cancer. , 1999, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[37]  D. Thelle,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking history: 13 years' follow-up of 68,000 Norwegian men and women 35-49 years. , 1993, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[38]  J. Cleaver.  Common pathways for ultraviolet skin carcinogenesis in the repair and replication defective groups of xeroderma pigmentosum. , 2000, Journal of dermatological science.

[39]  I. M. Jones,et al.  Many amino acid substitution variants identified in DNA repair genes during human population screenings are predicted to impact protein function. , 2004, Genomics.

[40]  A. Ruiz,et al.  DNA repair and breast carcinoma susceptibility in women , 2004, Cancer.

[41]  P. Sung,et al.  A conserved 5' to 3' exonuclease activity in the yeast and human nucleotide excision repair proteins RAD2 and XPG. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[42]  D. Phillips,et al.  Primary cultures of prostate cells and their ability to activate carcinogens , 2002, Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases.

[43]  T. Lindahl,et al.  Quality control by DNA repair. , 1999, Science.

[44]  M. Spitz,et al.  Reduced DNA repair capacity in lung cancer patients. , 1996, Cancer research.

[45]  Jack A. Taylor,et al.  Differences in base excision repair capacity may modulate the effect of dietary antioxidant intake on prostate cancer risk: an example of polymorphisms in the XRCC1 gene. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[46]  Hongbing Shen,et al.  Smoking, DNA repair capacity and risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer , 2003, International journal of cancer.

[47]  W. de Laat,et al.  DNA-binding polarity of human replication protein A positions nucleases in nucleotide excision repair. , 1998, Genes & development.

[48]  E. Rimm,et al.  Smoking and risk of total and fatal prostate cancer in United States health professionals. , 1999, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[49]  K. Lohman,et al.  Deficient Nucleotide Excision Repair Capacity Enhances Human Prostate Cancer Risk , 2004, Cancer Research.

[50]  W. F. Athas,et al.  Development and field-test validation of an assay for DNA repair in circulating human lymphocytes. , 1991, Cancer research.

[51]  Hongbing Shen,et al.  Modulation of repair of ultraviolet damage in the host-cell reactivation assay by polymorphic XPC and XPD/ERCC2 genotypes. , 2002, Carcinogenesis.

[52]  J. Witte,et al.  DNA Repair Gene XRCC1 and XPD Polymorphisms and Risk of Prostate Cancer , 2004, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[53]  J. Hoeijmakers,et al.  The Cockayne syndrome B protein, involved in transcription‐coupled DNA repair, resides in an RNA polymerase II‐containing complex , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[54]  B. Trock,et al.  DNA Repair as A Susceptibility Factor in Chronic Diseases in Human Populations , 1999 .

[55]  P Vineis,et al.  Markers of DNA repair and susceptibility to cancer in humans: an epidemiologic review. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[56]  D. S. Hsu,et al.  Reconstitution of Human DNA Repair Excision Nuclease in a Highly Defined System (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[57]  S. Wacholder,et al.  Diet, tobacco use, and fatal prostate cancer: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. , 1990, Cancer research.

[58]  David I. Smith,et al.  Mutations in CHEK2 associated with prostate cancer risk. , 2003, American journal of human genetics.

[59]  E. Bleecker,et al.  Associations between hOGG1 sequence variants and prostate cancer susceptibility. , 2002, Cancer research.

[60]  J. Lubin,et al.  Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[61]  C I Amos,et al.  Modulation of nucleotide excision repair capacity by XPD polymorphisms in lung cancer patients. , 2001, Cancer research.

[62]  M. Spitz,et al.  Reduced DNA repair capacity in head and neck cancer patients. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[63]  R. Hiatt,et al.  Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) , 2005, Cancer Causes & Control.

[64]  Junjian Z. Chen,et al.  Extensive somatic mitochondrial mutations in primary prostate cancer using laser capture microdissection. , 2002, Cancer research.

[65]  R. Wood,et al.  Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group F Caused by a Defect in a Structure-Specific DNA Repair Endonuclease , 1996, Cell.

[66]  M. Spitz,et al.  Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[67]  L. A. Plaskon,et al.  Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in middle-aged men. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.