The mechanisms of carbon catabolite repression in bacteria.

Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is the paradigm of cellular regulation. CCR happens when bacteria are exposed to two or more carbon sources and one of them is preferentially utilised (frequently glucose). CCR is often mediated by several mechanisms, which can either affect the synthesis of catabolic enzymes via global or specific regulators or inhibit the uptake of a carbon source and thus the formation of the corresponding inducer. The major CCR mechanisms operative in Enterobacteriaceae and Firmicutes are quite different, but in both types of organisms components of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) and protein phosphorylation play a major role. PTS-independent CCR mechanisms are operative in several other bacteria.

[1]  Aldert L. Zomer,et al.  Time-Resolved Determination of the CcpA Regulon of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[2]  S. Aymerich,et al.  CcpN (YqzB), a novel regulator for CcpA‐independent catabolite repression of Bacillus subtilis gluconeogenic genes , 2005, Molecular microbiology.

[3]  Winfried Boos,et al.  YeeI, a Novel Protein Involved in Modulation of the Activity of the Glucose-Phosphotransferase System in Escherichia coli K-12 , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[4]  B. Görke,et al.  Control of the Phosphorylation State of the HPr Protein of the Phosphotransferase System in Bacillus subtilis: Implication of the Protein Phosphatase PrpC , 2007, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[5]  R. Brückner,et al.  Carbon Catabolite Repression of Sucrose Utilization in Staphylococcus xylosus: Catabolite Control Protein CcpA Ensures Glucose Preference and Autoregulatory Limitation of Sucrose Utilization , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[6]  K. McIver,et al.  The Catabolite Control Protein CcpA Binds to Pmga and Influences Expression of the Virulence Regulator Mga in the Group A Streptococcus , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[7]  B. Poolman,et al.  The Activity of the Lactose Transporter from Streptococcus thermophilus Is Increased by Phosphorylated IIA and the Action of β-Galactosidase , 2022 .

[8]  J. Martínez,et al.  The Pseudomonas putida Crc Global Regulator Controls the Expression of Genes from Several Chromosomal Catabolic Pathways for Aromatic Compounds , 2004, Journal of bacteriology.

[9]  F. Rojo,et al.  The Pseudomonas putida Crc global regulator is an RNA binding protein that inhibits translation of the AlkS transcriptional regulator , 2007, Molecular microbiology.

[10]  S. Moréra,et al.  Structural Analysis of the Bacterial HPr Kinase/Phosphorylase V267F Mutant Gives Insights into the Allosteric Regulation Mechanism of This Bifunctional Enzyme* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[11]  O. Schilling,et al.  A protein-dependent riboswitch controlling ptsGHI operon expression in Bacillus subtilis: RNA structure rather than sequence provides interaction specificity. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  M. Sarker,et al.  Carbon Catabolite Repression of Type IV Pilus-Dependent Gliding Motility in the Anaerobic Pathogen Clostridium perfringens , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[13]  W. Hillen,et al.  CcpA Mutants with Differential Activities in Bacillus subtilis , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[14]  M. Schumacher,et al.  Structural Basis for Allosteric Control of the Transcription Regulator CcpA by the Phosphoprotein HPr-Ser46-P , 2004, Cell.

[15]  M. Schumacher,et al.  Structural mechanism for the fine-tuning of CcpA function by the small molecule effectors glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. , 2007, Journal of molecular biology.

[16]  O. Schilling,et al.  Keeping signals straight in transcription regulation: specificity determinants for the interaction of a family of conserved bacterial RNA–protein couples , 2006, Nucleic acids research.

[17]  V. de Lorenzo,et al.  The Phosphotransferase System Formed by PtsP, PtsO, and PtsN Proteins Controls Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Pseudomonas putida , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[18]  M. Bibb,et al.  A New Piece of an Old Jigsaw: Glucose Kinase Is Activated Posttranslationally in a Glucose Transport-Dependent Manner in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[19]  A. Sonenshein,et al.  CcpC, a novel regulator of the LysR family required for glucose repression of the citB gene in Bacillus subtilis. , 2000, Journal of molecular biology.

[20]  C. Buchrieser,et al.  How Seryl-Phosphorylated HPr Inhibits PrfA, a Transcription Activator of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Genes , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[21]  V. Monedero,et al.  Mutations lowering the phosphatase activity of HPr kinase/phosphatase switch off carbon metabolism , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[22]  J. Stülke,et al.  Regulation of citB expression in Bacillus subtilis: integration of multiple metabolic signals in the citrate pool and by the general nitrogen regulatory system , 2006, Archives of Microbiology.

[23]  S. Moréra,et al.  Structural analysis of B. subtilis CcpA effector binding site , 2006, Proteins.

[24]  C. Francke,et al.  How Phosphotransferase System-Related Protein Phosphorylation Regulates Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bacteria , 2006, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[25]  H. Aiba,et al.  Membrane localization itself but not binding to IICBGlc is directly responsible for the inactivation of the global repressor Mlc in Escherichia coli , 2004, Molecular microbiology.

[26]  S. Brantl,et al.  Implication of CcpN in the regulation of a novel untranslated RNA (SR1) in Bacillus subtilis , 2005, Molecular microbiology.

[27]  I. Paulsen,et al.  CcpB, a Novel Transcription Factor Implicated in Catabolite Repression in Bacillus subtilis , 1998, Journal of bacteriology.

[28]  Marc Graille,et al.  Activation of the LicT Transcriptional Antiterminator Involves a Domain Swing/Lock Mechanism Provoking Massive Structural Changes* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  A. Burkovski,et al.  Sugar Transport Systems of Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705 , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[30]  S. Schmidl,et al.  Regulatory Protein Phosphorylation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[31]  W. Goebel,et al.  Interference of Components of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphotransferase System with the Central Virulence Gene Regulator PrfA of Listeria monocytogenes , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[32]  W. Boos,et al.  Mlc of Thermus thermophilus: a Glucose-Specific Regulator for a Glucose/Mannose ABC Transporter in the Absence of the Phosphotransferase System , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[33]  J. Ramos,et al.  Integration of Signals through Crc and PtsN in Catabolite Repression of Pseudomonas putida TOL Plasmid pWW0 , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[34]  U. Sauer,et al.  Impact of Global Transcriptional Regulation by ArcA, ArcB, Cra, Crp, Cya, Fnr, and Mlc on Glucose Catabolism in Escherichia coli , 2005, Journal of bacteriology.

[35]  S. Gottesman,et al.  The Novel Transcription Factor SgrR Coordinates the Response to Glucose-Phosphate Stress , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[36]  Y. Seok,et al.  In Vitro Reconstitution of Catabolite Repression in Escherichia coli* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[37]  V. Monedero,et al.  The Phosphotransferase System of Lactobacillus casei: Regulation of Carbon Metabolism and Connection to Cold Shock Response , 2006, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[38]  W. Saenger,et al.  Structure of full-length transcription regulator CcpA in the apo form. , 2007, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[39]  A. Sonenshein,et al.  CcpC-Dependent Regulation of citB and lmo0847 in Listeria monocytogenes , 2006, Journal of bacteriology.

[40]  T. Kudo,et al.  Identification of a response regulator gene for catabolite control from a PCB‐degrading β‐proteobacteria, Acidovorax sp. KKS102 , 2006, Molecular microbiology.

[41]  M. Schumacher,et al.  Phosphoprotein Crh-Ser46-P Displays Altered Binding to CcpA to Effect Carbon Catabolite Regulation* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[42]  A. Pascual-Montano,et al.  The cyclic AMP receptor protein modulates quorum sensing, motility and multiple genes that affect intestinal colonization in Vibrio cholerae. , 2007, Microbiology.

[43]  V. de Lorenzo,et al.  Growth-dependent Phosphorylation of the PtsN (EIINtr) Protein of Pseudomonas putida* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[44]  Andreas Kremling,et al.  Correlation between Growth Rates, EIIACrr Phosphorylation, and Intracellular Cyclic AMP Levels in Escherichia coli K-12 , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[45]  T. Inada,et al.  Mechanism responsible for glucose–lactose diauxie in Escherichia coli: challenge to the cAMP model , 1996, Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms.

[46]  J. Deutscher,et al.  Identification and Characterization of a Fructose Phosphotransferase System in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[47]  E. Schneider,et al.  Topography of the Surface of the Signal-transducing Protein EIIAGlc That Interacts with the MalK Subunits of the Maltose ATP-binding Cassette Transporter (MalFGK2) of Salmonella typhimurium* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[48]  J. Ramos,et al.  Role of the ptsN Gene Product in Catabolite Repression of the Pseudomonas putida TOL Toluene Degradation Pathway in Chemostat Cultures▿ , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[49]  F. Rojo,et al.  The Target for the Pseudomonas putida Crc Global Regulator in the Benzoate Degradation Pathway Is the BenR Transcriptional Regulator , 2007, Journal of bacteriology.

[50]  J. Sun,et al.  Deduction of consensus binding sequences on proteins that bind IIAGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system by cysteine scanning mutagenesis of Escherichia coli lactose permease. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  V. Monedero,et al.  Maltose transport in Lactobacillus casei and its regulation by inducer exclusion. , 2008, Research in microbiology.

[52]  Junfeng Xue,et al.  Regulation of the mpt Operon in Listeria innocua by the ManR Protein , 2007, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.