Frost heaving of forest tree seedlings: a review

Soil frost heaving is the result of the formation of ice lenses in the soil caused by a segregation of the soil water. Ice lenses are growing from below and pushed upward. Seedlings heave when they are pushed out of the ground by the ice sheet formed at the surface of the soil. Frost heaving may greatly reduce growth and survival of forest tree seedlings particularly in regions where freezing and thawing are accompanied by high soil moisture. Resistance to frost heaving increases with size of seedling as the ability of a seedling to anchor itself increases. A few methods, such as fertilizing, choice of planting spots, sowing or planting at the proper time, shading, and use of mulches, appear to be effective in controlling frost heaving. Shade from natural plant cover can greatly reduce frost heaving.

[1]  G. Janssen.  Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness1 , 1929 .

[2]  C. W. Kaplar,et al.  THE FACTOR OF SOIL AND MATERIAL TYPE IN FROST ACTION , 1958 .

[3]  Rocky Mountain Forest,et al.  Controlling frost heaving of ponderosa pine seedlings in Arizona , 1976 .

[4]  F. W. Haasis.  Frost Heaving of Western Yellow Pine Seedlings , 1923 .

[5]  G. L. Guymon,et al.  A probabilistic-deterministic analysis of one-dimensional ice segregation in a freezing soil column , 1981 .

[6]  W. Rietveld.  Direct seeding ponderosa pine on recent burns in Arizona , 1976 .

[7]  S. Taber.  The Mechanics of Frost Heaving , 1930, The Journal of Geology.

[8]  Gunnar Beskow.  TJALBILDNINGEN OCH TJALLYFTNINGEN MED SARSKILD HANSYN TILL VAGAR OCH JARNVAGAR , 1935 .

[9]  B. Kay,et al.  REDUCTION OF FROST HEAVING BY TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM IONS , 1973 .

[10]  S. Takagi.  The adsorption force theory of frost heaving , 1980 .

[11]  W. G. Notenboom,et al.  PANGNIRTUNG WATER RESERVOIR: GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS , 1989 .

[12]  J. Cary.  A New Method for Calculating Frost Heave Including Solute Effects , 1987 .

[13]  Aez Wissa,et al.  FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MASSACHUSETTS SOILS-EVALUATION OF RAID FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS , 1973 .

[14]  L. W. Gold.  A POSSIBLE FORCE MECHANISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE FREEZING OF WATER IN POROUS MATERIALS , 1957 .

[15]  M. Smith,et al.  Detailed observations on the nature of frost heaving at a field scale , 1989 .

[16]  R. R. Gilpin.  A Model for the Prediction of Ice Lensing and Frost Heave in Soils , 1980 .

[17]  J. R. Mackay,et al.  Frost heave at ground temperatures below zero degrees centigrade, Inuvik, Northwest Territories , 1979 .

[18]  R. Miller,et al.  Root Morphology and Vigor Effects on Winter Heaving of Established Alfalfa1 , 1987 .

[19]  E. Chamberlain.  Frost Susceptibility of Soil, Review of Index Tests, , 1981 .

[20]  R. Sidle,et al.  Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. III. Effects of microsite type and ectomycorrhizal inoculation on growth and survival of Sitka spruce seedlings. , 1987 .

[21]  E. Penner,et al.  INFLUENCE OF FREEZING RATE ON FROST HEAVING , 1972 .

[22]  Jpg Loch.  SUGGESTIONS FOR AN IMPROVED STANDARD LABORATORY TEST FOR FROST HEAVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS , 1979 .

[23]  A. Mackinney.  Effects of Forest Litter on Soil Temperature and Soil Freezing in Autumn and Winter , 1929 .

[24]  Kevin O'Neill,et al.  The physics of mathematical frost heave models: A review , 1983 .

[25]  N. R. Morgenstern,et al.  Prediction of frost heave in the laboratory during transient freezing , 1982 .

[26]  B. Chalmers,et al.  Freezing of Liquids in Porous Media with Special Reference to Frost Heave in Soils , 1958 .

[27]  R. D. Miller,et al.  11 – Freezing Phenomena in Soils , 1980 .

[28]  S. W. Hopke.  A model for frost heave including overburden , 1980 .

[29]  C. W. Kaplar.  NEW EXPERIMENTS TO SIMPLIFY FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF SOILS , 1968 .

[30]  D. H. Everett.  The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids , 1961 .

[31]  J. Andrews.  THE ANALYSIS OF FROST‐HEAVE DATA COLLECTED BY B. H. J. HAYWOOD FROM SCHEFFERVILLE, LABRADOR‐UNGAVA* , 1963 .

[32]  R. Sutton.  White spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss): stagnating boreal old-field plantations unresponsive to fertilization and weed control , 1992 .

[33]  E. Penner.  THE MECHANISM OF FROST HEAVING IN SOILS , 1959 .

[34]  R. H. Jones,et al.  Developments and applications of frost susceptibility testing , 1981 .

[35]  R. Mullin.  EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE , 1965 .

[36]  H. Kohnke,et al.  Soil Temperature and Soil Freezing as Affected by an Organic Mulch1 , 1963 .

[37]  S. Taber,et al.  Frost Heaving , 1929, The Journal of Geology.

[38]  C. W. Kaplar.  Stone Migration by Freezing of Soil. , 1965, Science.

[39]  J H Zoller.  FROST HEAVE AND THE RAPID FROST HEAVE TEST , 1973 .

[40]  R. Saetersdal.  Heaving Conditions by Freezing of Soils , 1981 .

[41]  J. Osler,et al.  Heave and Heaving Pressures in Frozen Soils , 1971 .

[42]  L. Lundin.  Water and heat flows in frozen soils : basic theory and operational modeling , 1989 .

[43]  S. F. Obermeier.  FROST HEAVE SUSCEPTIBILITY RESEARCH , 1973 .

[44]  M. Gradwell.  Soil frost action in snow-tussock grassland. , 1960 .

[45]  R. J. Russell.  Freeze‐and‐thaw frequencies in the United States , 1943 .

[46]  R. D. Gunn,et al.  Geometrical Aspects of Sorted Patterned Ground in Recurrently Frozen Soil , 1986, Science.

[47]  G. L. Guymon,et al.  Sensitivity of a frost heave model to the method of numerical simulation , 1982 .

[48]  A. Corte.  Vertical migration of particles in front of a moving freezing plane , 1962 .

[49]  E. Penner.  FROST HEAVING FORCES IN LEDA CLAY , 1970 .

[50]  Johan P.G. Loch,et al.  State-of-the-art report — frost action in soils , 1981 .

[51]  A. Fowler.  Secondary frost heave in freezing soils , 1989 .

[52]  K. T. Belotelkin.  Soil‐freezing and forest‐cover , 1941 .

[53]  J. R. Mackay,et al.  Needle ice and seedling establishment in southwestern british columbia , 1967 .

[54]  T. Lambe.  Modification of frost-heaving of soils with additives : investigations 1953 thru 1955 , 1956 .

[55]  R. M. Holmes,et al.  SOIL HEAVING IN ALFALFA PLOTS IN RELATION TO SOIL AND AIR TEMPERATURE , 1960 .

[56]  N. Ledgard.  Research into the direct seeding of woody plants in high country revegetation , 1976 .

[57]  J. Keith Fraser,et al.  Freeze-Thaw Frequencies and Mechanical Weathering in Canada , 1959 .

[58]  L. J. Heidmann.  Frost heaving of tree seedlings: a literature review of causes and possible control , 1976 .

[59]  L. Boersma,et al.  Temperature and Water Profiles During Diurnal Soil Freezing and Thawing: Field Measurements and Simulation , 1989 .

[60]  H. L. Portz.  Frost Heaving of Soil and Plants. I. Incidence of Frost Heaving of Forage Plants and Meteorological Relationships1 , 1967 .

[61]  C. Dobbs,et al.  Form and Development of Conifer Root Systems , 1969 .

[62]  B. Matthews.  Automatic measurement of frost-heave: Results from Malham and Rodley (Yorkshire) , 1967 .

[63]  Chen Xiao-bai,et al.  Frost heave prediction for clayey soils , 1988 .

[64]  B. Fahey.  An Analysis of Diurnal Freeze-Thaw and Frost Heave Cycles in the Indian Peake Region of the Colorado Front Range , 1973 .

[65]  R. Alexander,et al.  Environmental factors affecting natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce in the central Rocky Mountains , 1977 .

[66]  D. L. Mitchell,et al.  Reforestation with Tree Seedlings Grown in Extruded Peat Cylinders: Part 1 -Mechanical Aspects of the Process , 1972 .

[67]  G. L. Guymon,et al.  A one dimensional frost heave model based upon simulation of simultaneous heat and water flux , 1980 .

[68]  K. Arakawa.  Theoretical Studies of Ice Segregation in Soil , 1966, Journal of Glaciology.

[69]  R. Kienholz.  Frost depth in forest and open in Connecticut. , 1940 .

[70]  R. R. Gilpin.  A frost heave interface condition for use in numerical modelling , 1982 .

[71]  K. Horiguchi.  An osmotic model for soil freezing , 1987 .

[72]  R. Miller,et al.  FREEZING AND HEAVING OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED SOILS , 1972 .

[73]  Kevin O'Neill,et al.  Exploration of a Rigid Ice Model of Frost Heave , 1985 .

[74]  Dan Smith.  Frost-heave activity in the Mount Rae area, Canadian Rocky Mountains. , 1987 .