Evaluation of a "Smart" Pedestrian Counting System Based on Echo State Networks

We have designed an inexpensive intelligent pedestrian counting system. The pedestrian counting system consists of several counters that can be connected together in a distributed fashion and communicate over the wireless channel. The motion pattern is recorded using a set of passive infrared (PIR) sensors. Each counter has one wireless sensor node that processes the PIR sensor data and transmits it to a base station. Then echo state network, a special kind of recurrent neural network, is used to predict the pedestrian count from the input pattern. The evaluation of the performance of such networks in a novel kind of application is one focus of this work. The counter gave a performance of 80.4% which is better than the commercially available low-priced pedestrian counters. The article reports the experiments we did for analyzing the counterperformance and lists the strengths and limitations of the current implementation. It will also report the preliminary test results obtained by substituting the PIR sensors with low-cost active IR distance sensors which can improve the counter performance further.

[1]  Peter T. Martin,et al.  DETECTOR TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION , 2003 .

[2]  Herbert Jaeger,et al.  The''echo state''approach to analysing and training recurrent neural networks , 2001 .

[3]  Axel Poigné,et al.  An Echo State Network based pedestrian counting system using wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems.

[4]  Thomas G. Dietterich.  What is machine learning? , 2020, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[5]  Herbert Jaeger,et al.  A tutorial on training recurrent neural networks , covering BPPT , RTRL , EKF and the " echo state network " approach - Semantic Scholar , 2005 .

[6]  Horst Bischof,et al.  Evaluation of People Counting Systems , 2001 .

[7]  Paul-Gerhard Plöger,et al.  Echo State Networks for Mobile Robot Modeling and Control , 2003, RoboCup.

[8]  K. Hashimoto,et al.  People count system using multi-sensing application , 1997, Proceedings of International Solid State Sensors and Actuators Conference (Transducers '97).

[9]  Sung-Jea Ko,et al.  Real-Time System for Counting the Number of Passing People Using a Single Camera , 2003, DAGM-Symposium.

[10]  Neil Sumpter,et al.  Low cost smart sensors using infrared detector arrays , 2001 .

[11]  Robert Szewczyk,et al.  System architecture directions for networked sensors , 2000, ASPLOS IX.

[12]  Mara Chagas Diogenes,et al.  Estimating Pedestrian Accident Exposure: Automated Pedestrian Counting Devices Report , 2007 .

[13]  Jon M. Kerridge,et al.  Using Low-Cost Infrared Detectors to Monitor Movement of Pedestrians: Initial Findings , 2004 .