Fabrication of Carbohydrate Surfaces by Using Nonderivatised Oligosaccharides, and their Application to Measuring the Assembly of Sugar–Protein Complexes

This way up. Dual polarisation interferometry was used to design and characterise a surface on which the orientation and density of immobilised carbohydrates was suitable for studying their interactions with proteins. Lactoferrin was shown to adopt two orientations: “end‐on” or “side‐on”, while for FGF‐2 a single monolayer of protein was observed. The new surface can be used to elucidate the binding of proteins to carbohydrates and the geometry of the complexes, a frequently controversial area.

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