Layered Cathode Materials: Precursors, Synthesis, Microstructure, Electrochemical Properties, and Battery Performance.

The exploitation of clean energy promotes the exploration of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy-density, long life, high safety, and low cost. Ni-rich layered cathode materials are one of the most promising candidates for next-generation LIBs. Numerous studies focusing on the synthesis and modifications of the layered cathode materials are published every year. Many physical features of precursors, such as density, morphology, size distribution, and microstructure of primary particles pass to the resulting cathode materials, thus significantly affecting their electrochemical properties and battery performance. This review focuses on the recent advances in the controlled synthesis of hydroxide precursors and the growth of particles. The essential parameters in controlled coprecipitation are discussed in detail. Some innovative technologies for precursor modifications and for the synthesis of novel precursors are highlighted. In addition, future perspectives of the development of hydroxide precursors are presented.

[1]  Yingjie Zhang,et al.  Engineering a Robust Interface on Ni-Rich Cathodes via a Novel Dry Doping Process toward Advanced High-Voltage Performance. , 2021, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  Y. Park,et al.  Comparison of LiTaO3 and LiNbO3 Surface Layers Prepared by Post- and Precursor-Based Coating Methods for Ni-Rich Cathodes of All-Solid-State Batteries. , 2021, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[3]  Xianyou Wang,et al.  Dual cationic modified high Ni-low co layered oxide cathode with a heteroepitaxial interface for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries , 2021, Chemical Engineering Journal.

[4]  Chunzhong Li,et al.  Bulk Mg-doping and surface polypyrrole-coating enable high-rate and long-life for Ni-rich layered cathodes , 2021 .

[5]  Bingxin Huang,et al.  Effects of Al doping on the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 prepared by coprecipitation , 2021 .

[6]  Lei Cheng,et al.  Highly ordered structure in single-crystalline LiNi0.65Co0.15Mn0.20O2 with promising Li-ion storage property by precursor pre-oxidation , 2021 .

[7]  Zhen-guo Wu,et al.  Exposing microstructure evolution of Ni-Rich Ni-Co-Al hydroxide precursor , 2021 .

[8]  Yunjiao Li,et al.  Boosting cell performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material via structure design , 2021 .

[9]  Youngho Shin,et al.  Core-Multishell-Structured Digital-Gradient Cathode Materials with Enhanced Mechanical and Electrochemical Durability. , 2021, Small.

[10]  Tao Huang,et al.  Revealing the Role of W-Doping in Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode at 4.5 V. , 2021, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[11]  A. Lipson,et al.  Stabilizing NMC 811 Li-Ion Battery Cathode through a Rapid Coprecipitation Process , 2021 .

[12]  Haijun Yu,et al.  High-Voltage “Single-Crystal” Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2021, Energy & Fuels.

[13]  J. Dahn,et al.  Impact of Shell Composition, Thickness and Heating Temperature on the Performance of Nickel-Rich Cobalt-Free Core-Shell Materials , 2021 .

[14]  Yong Cheng,et al.  Insight into the Coprecipitation-Controlled Crystallization Reaction for Preparing Lithium-Layered Oxide Cathodes. , 2021, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[15]  Yingjie Zhang,et al.  Growth mechanisms for spherical Ni0.815Co0.15Al0.035(OH)2 precursors prepared via the ammonia complexation precipitation method , 2020, Journal of Energy Chemistry.

[16]  Z. Wang,et al.  Crack-free single-crystal LiNi0.83Co0.10Mn0.07O2 as cycling/thermal stable cathode materials for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries , 2021 .

[17]  Hyun-Soo Kim,et al.  Effects of lithium tungsten oxide coating on LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries , 2021 .

[18]  Jaephil Cho,et al.  Recent Advances and Prospects of Atomic Substitution on Layered Positive Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery , 2020, Advanced Energy Materials.

[19]  Zhen-guo Wu,et al.  Key Parameter Optimization for the Continuous Synthesis of Ni-Rich Ni–Co–Al Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2020, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

[20]  Bin Huang,et al.  Improved solid-state synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2020 .

[21]  A. Mauger,et al.  NCA, NCM811, and the Route to Ni-Richer Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2020 .

[22]  Yang‐Kook Sun,et al.  High-Energy W-Doped Li[Ni0.95Co0.04Al0.01]O2 Cathodes for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles , 2020 .

[23]  K. Du,et al.  Hydrothermal preparing agglomerate LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material with submicron primary particle for alleviating microcracks , 2020 .

[24]  Zonghai Chen,et al.  Kinetic Limitations in Single-Crystal High-Nickel Cathodes. , 2020, Angewandte Chemie.

[25]  Wei Lv,et al.  Influence of core and shell components on the Ni-rich layered oxides with core–shell and dual-shell structures , 2020 .

[26]  Hyunchul Kim,et al.  Stabilizing effects of Al-doping on Ni-rich LiNi0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2 cathode for Li rechargeable batteries , 2020 .

[27]  Yong Lu,et al.  Recent advances in Ni-rich layered oxide particle materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2020 .

[28]  Yang Song,et al.  Recent progress of Nickel-rich layered cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. , 2020, Chemistry.

[29]  Seung‐Taek Myung,et al.  Recent Progress and Perspective of Advanced High‐Energy Co‐Less Ni‐Rich Cathodes for Li‐Ion Batteries: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow , 2020, Advanced Energy Materials.

[30]  Yongseon Kim,et al.  Investigation of growth kinetics of Ni0·855Co0·145(OH)2 particles in continuous co-precipitation process , 2020 .

[31]  T. Brezesinski,et al.  Surface Modification Strategies for Improving the Cycling Performance of Ni‐Rich Cathode Materials , 2020, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry.

[32]  Seung‐Hwan Lee,et al.  High performance well-developed single crystal LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 cathode via LiCl-NaCl flux method , 2020 .

[33]  Jian Chen,et al.  Synergistic effect of Li2MgTi3O8 coating layer with dual ionic surface doping to improve electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials , 2020, Ionics.

[34]  Jing Li,et al.  Recent progress in coatings and methods of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials: A short review , 2020 .

[35]  Tongchao Liu,et al.  Surface regulation enables high stability of single-crystal lithium-ion cathodes at high voltage , 2020, Nature Communications.

[36]  Daobin Mu,et al.  Controllable synthesis of spherical precursor Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 for nickel-rich cathode material in Li-ion batteries , 2020 .

[37]  Yan-hui Xu,et al.  Annealing effects of TiO2 coating on cycling performance of Ni-rich cathode material LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 for lithium-ion battery , 2020 .

[38]  Xianyou Wang,et al.  Improved the Structure and Cycling Stability of Ni-rich Layered Cathodes by Dual Modification of Yttrium Doping and Surface Coating. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[39]  Chunliang Li,et al.  Influences of surface Al concentration on the structure and electrochemical performance of core-shell LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material , 2020 .

[40]  Fei Zhou,et al.  Enhanced electrochemical performances of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 synthesized using the new green and low cost preparation process , 2020 .

[41]  Zhongwei Chen,et al.  Ni‐Rich/Co‐Poor Layered Cathode for Automotive Li‐Ion Batteries: Promises and Challenges , 2020, Advanced Energy Materials.

[42]  Youngho Shin,et al.  Enhanced mechanical strength and electrochemical performance of core–shell structured high–nickel cathode material , 2020 .

[43]  Yong‐Mook Kang,et al.  Advances in the Cathode Materials for Making a Breakthrough in the Li Rechargeable Batteries. , 2020, Angewandte Chemie.

[44]  C. Yoon,et al.  Tungsten doping for stabilization of Li[Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05]O2 cathode for Li-ion battery at high voltage , 2019 .

[45]  J. Dahn,et al.  Cobalt-Free Nickel-Rich Positive Electrode Materials with a Core–Shell Structure , 2019 .

[46]  Jun Liu,et al.  Capacity Fading of Ni-Rich NCA Cathodes: Effect of Microcracking Extent , 2019, ACS Energy Letters.

[47]  Hang Xiao,et al.  Effect of impeller type on preparing spherical and dense Ni1−−Co Mn (OH)2 precursor via continuous co-precipitation in pilot scale: A case of Ni0·6Co0·2Mn0·2(OH)2 , 2019, Electrochimica Acta.

[48]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Lattice doping regulated interfacial reactions in cathode for enhanced cycling stability , 2019, Nature Communications.

[49]  Tongchao Liu,et al.  Ni/Li Disordering in Layered Transition Metal Oxide: Electrochemical Impact, Origin, and Control. , 2019, Accounts of chemical research.

[50]  Zhen-guo Wu,et al.  Synergy of doping and coating induced heterogeneous structure and concentration gradient in Ni-rich cathode for enhanced electrochemical performance , 2019, Journal of Power Sources.

[51]  Zhian Zhang,et al.  Enhancing structural stability unto 4.5 V of Ni-rich cathodes by tungsten-doping for lithium storage , 2019, Journal of Power Sources.

[52]  Shujun Geng,et al.  CFD study on double- to single-loop flow pattern transition and its influence on macro mixing efficiency in fully baffled tank stirred by a Rushton turbine , 2019, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[53]  Pallab Barai,et al.  Multiscale Computational Model for Particle Size Evolution during Coprecipitation of Li-Ion Battery Cathode Precursors. , 2019, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[54]  Z. Pan,et al.  Enhancing high-voltage performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material via surface modification with lithium-conductive Li3Fe2(PO4)3 , 2019, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

[55]  J. Janek,et al.  There and Back Again-The Journey of LiNiO2 as a Cathode Active Material. , 2019, Angewandte Chemie.

[56]  Min‐Sik Park,et al.  Facile Mn Surface Doping of Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[57]  In Situ Monitoring of the Growth of Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Hydroxide Precursors during Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Li-Ion Cathode Materials , 2018 .

[58]  Wei Li,et al.  Synergistic Effect of F- Doping and LiF Coating on Improving the High-Voltage Cycling Stability and Rate Capacity of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[59]  Siyang Liu,et al.  Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Precursor Preoxidation , 2018 .

[60]  Feng Wu,et al.  Pre-oxidizing the precursors of Nickel-rich cathode materials to regulate their Li+/Ni2+ cation ordering towards cyclability improvements , 2018, Journal of Power Sources.

[61]  Hun‐Gi Jung,et al.  Improved Cycling Stability of Li[Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05]O2 Through Microstructure Modification by Boron Doping for Li‐Ion Batteries , 2018, Advanced Energy Materials.

[62]  Wensheng Yang,et al.  Effect of precursor structures on the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich LiNi0.88Co0.12O2 cathode materials , 2018 .

[63]  Tingting Liu,et al.  Precursor effects on structural ordering and electrochemical performances of Ni-rich layered LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode materials for high-rate lithium ion batteries , 2018 .

[64]  Feng Wu,et al.  Exposing the {010} Planes by Oriented Self-Assembly with Nanosheets To Improve the Electrochemical Performances of Ni-Rich Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 Microspheres. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[65]  J. Janek,et al.  Between Scylla and Charybdis: Balancing Among Structural Stability and Energy Density of Layered NCM Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2017 .

[66]  Yongming Zhu,et al.  Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of spherical LiNi0.85−xCo0.15AlxO2 with sodium aluminate via co-precipitation , 2017 .

[67]  K. Du,et al.  Enhanced compacting density and cycling performance of Ni-riched electrode via building mono dispersed micron scaled morphology , 2017 .

[68]  Jing Lu,et al.  Insights into the inner structure of high-nickel agglomerate as high-performance lithium-ion cathodes , 2016 .

[69]  Yi Guo,et al.  Flakelike LiCoO2 with Exposed {010} Facets As a Stable Cathode Material for Highly Reversible Lithium Storage. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[70]  Yongming Zhu,et al.  Effect of pre-thermal treatment on the lithium storage performance of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 , 2016, Journal of Materials Science.

[71]  Woo-Sik Kim,et al.  Agglomeration of Ni-rich hydroxide crystals in Taylor vortex flow , 2015 .

[72]  Woo-Sik Kim,et al.  Agglomeration of Ni-Rich Hydroxide in Reaction Crystallization: Effect of Taylor Vortex Dimension and Intensity , 2015 .

[73]  Guoyong Huang,et al.  Growth mechanisms for spherical mixed hydroxide agglomerates prepared by co-precipitation method: A case of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 , 2015 .

[74]  C. Lee,et al.  Effects of inorganic salts on the morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of prepared nickel-rich Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 , 2014 .

[75]  Won‐Hee Ryu,et al.  3-D dumbbell-like LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode materials assembled with nano-building blocks for lithium-ion batteries , 2014 .

[76]  K. Du,et al.  Co–precipitation synthesis of Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 precursor and characterization of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material for secondary lithium batteries , 2014 .

[77]  Zhixing Wang,et al.  A comprehensive study on electrochemical performance of Mn-surface-modified LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 synthesized by an in situ oxidizing-coating method , 2014 .

[78]  Zhixing Wang,et al.  A modified co-precipitation process to coat LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 onto LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 for improving the electrochemical performance , 2014 .

[79]  Xunhui Xiong,et al.  Enhanced electrochemical performance in LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material: Resulting from Mn-surface-modification using a facile oxidizing–coating method , 2014 .

[80]  Haitao Zhou,et al.  High capacity Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 synthesized by sol–gel and co-precipitation methods as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2013 .

[81]  Woo-Sik Kim,et al.  Taylor vortex effect on flocculation of hairy crystals of calcium lactate in anti-solvent crystallization , 2013 .

[82]  Ralph J. Brodd,et al.  Cost comparison of producing high-performance Li-ion batteries in the U.S. and in China , 2013 .

[83]  Li Lu,et al.  Monodisperse Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 microspheres with enhanced lithium storage capability , 2013 .

[84]  Ling Huang,et al.  Synthesis of single crystalline hexagonal nanobricks of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with high percentage of exposed {010} active facets as high rate performance cathode material for lithium-ion battery , 2013 .

[85]  K. Amine,et al.  Formation of a Continuous Solid‐Solution Particle and its Application to Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2013 .

[86]  K. Du,et al.  Structural and electrochemical properties of Co–Mn–Mg multi-doped nickel based cathode materials LiNi0.9Co0.1−x[Mn1/2Mg1/2]xO2 for secondary lithium ion batteries , 2013 .

[87]  Jaephil Cho,et al.  Optimized Synthetic Conditions of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Materials for High Rate Lithium Batteries via Co-Precipitation Method , 2013 .

[88]  Doyu Kim,et al.  Synthesis of high-density nickel cobalt aluminum hydroxide by continuous coprecipitation method. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[89]  Zhixing Wang,et al.  Spray-drying synthesized LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 and its electrochemical performance as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries , 2011 .

[90]  Zhixing Wang,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical properties of submicron LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries , 2011 .

[91]  Yang-Kook Sun,et al.  A novel concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.83Co0.07Mn0.10]O2 cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries , 2011 .

[92]  Gary M. Koenig,et al.  Composition-Tailored Synthesis of Gradient Transition Metal Precursor Particles for Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials , 2011 .

[93]  Jaephil Cho,et al.  Improved Rate Capability and Thermal Stability of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Materials via Nanoscale SiP2O7 Coating , 2011 .

[94]  Jaephil Cho,et al.  LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials prepared by TiO2 nanoparticle coatings on Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05(OH)2 precursors , 2010 .

[95]  Yong-ki Park,et al.  Preparation of spherical LiNi0.80Co0.15Mn0.05O2 lithium-ion cathode material by continuous co-precipitation , 2010 .

[96]  Chong Seung Yoon,et al.  A Novel Cathode Material with a Concentration‐Gradient for High‐Energy and Safe Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2010 .

[97]  Ilias Belharouak,et al.  High-energy cathode material for long-life and safe lithium batteries. , 2009, Nature materials.

[98]  J. Dahn,et al.  Analysis of the Growth Mechanism of Coprecipitated Spherical and Dense Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt-Containing Hydroxides in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia , 2009 .

[99]  Yang-Kook Sun,et al.  Particle size effect of Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 prepared by co-precipitation , 2008 .

[100]  Anil Kumar,et al.  Mixing in a tank stirred by a Rushton turbine at a low clearance , 2008 .

[101]  Yunhong Zhou,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of LiNi0.9Co0.1O2 for lithium batteries , 2007 .

[102]  Yang-Kook Sun,et al.  Synthesis of Spherical Nano- to Microscale Core−Shell Particles Li[(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)1-x(Ni0.5Mn0.5)x]O2 and Their Applications to Lithium Batteries , 2006 .

[103]  J. Tu,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries by a spray-drying method , 2006 .

[104]  Chong Seung Yoon,et al.  Novel core-shell-structured Li[(Ni0.8Co0.2)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2]O2 via coprecipitation as positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[105]  Yang-Kook Sun,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of Li[(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.8(Ni0.5Mn0.5)0.2]O2 with the microscale core-shell structure as the positive electrode material for lithium batteries. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[106]  B. Hwang,et al.  Electrochemical performance of layered Li[NixCo1-2xMnx]O2 cathode materials synthesized by a sol-gel method , 2005 .

[107]  Yang‐Kook Sun,et al.  Synthetic optimization of Li[Ni 1/3Co 1/3Mn 1/3]O 2 via co-precipitation , 2004 .

[108]  Yong Yang,et al.  The effects of sintering temperature and time on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode materials derived from sol-gel method , 2003 .

[109]  Jaephil Cho.  LiNi0.74Co0.26-xMgxO2 Cathode Material for a Li-Ion Cell , 2000 .

[110]  Tsutomu Ohzuku,et al.  Solid‐State Redox Reactions of LiNi1 / 2Co1 / 2 O 2 ( R 3̄m ) for 4 Volt Secondary Lithium Cells , 1994 .

[111]  M. Cournil,et al.  Using a turbidimetric method to study the kinetics of agglomeration of potassium sulphate in a liquid medium , 1991 .

[112]  Shengming Xu,et al.  Grain size regulation for balancing cycle performance and rate capability of LiNi0.9Co0.055Mn0.045O2 single crystal nickel-rich cathode materials , 2022 .