MicroRNAs and chromosomal abnormalities in cancer cells

Over the past five decades, a plethora of nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities have been consistently reported in malignant cells facilitating the identification of cancer-associated protein coding oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The genetic dissection of hot spots for chromosomal abnormalities in the age of the sequenced human genome resulted in the discovery that microRNA (miRNA) genes, encoding for a class of small noncoding RNAs, frequently resides in such genomic regions. The combination of nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities and other types of genetic alterations or epigenetic events contribute to downregulation or overexpression of miRNAs. The consequent abnormal expression of miRNAs affect cell cycle, survival and differentiation programs and selective targeting of these noncoding genes could provide novel therapeutic options for killing the malignant cells.

[1]  R. Shiekhattar,et al.  MicroRNA biogenesis and cancer. , 2005, Cancer research.

[2]  P. Nowell,et al.  Cloning of the chromosome breakpoint of neoplastic B cells with the t(14;18) chromosome translocation. , 1984, Science.

[3]  K. Lindblad-Toh,et al.  Systematic discovery of regulatory motifs in human promoters and 3′ UTRs by comparison of several mammals , 2005, Nature.

[4]  A. van den Berg,et al.  BIC and miR‐155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas , 2005, The Journal of pathology.

[5]  T. Okanoue,et al.  Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissues , 2006, Oncogene.

[6]  Chang-Zheng Chen,et al.  MicroRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  J. Castle,et al.  Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs , 2005, Nature.

[8]  Minchen Chien,et al.  Nucleotide sequence, transcription map, and mutation analysis of the 13q14 chromosomal region deleted in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. , 2001, Blood.

[9]  V. Ambros,et al.  The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14 , 1993, Cell.

[10]  Mariette Schrier,et al.  A Genetic Screen Implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 As Oncogenes in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors , 2006, Cell.

[11]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. , 2005, Cancer research.

[12]  H. Tagawa,et al.  A microRNA cluster as a target of genomic amplification in malignant lymphoma , 2005, Leukemia.

[13]  Wayne Tam,et al.  Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  R. Stephens,et al.  Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. , 2006, Cancer cell.

[15]  C. Croce,et al.  Expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlations with In vitro and In vivo chemoresponses. , 1998, Blood.

[16]  Arndt Borkhardt,et al.  High expression of precursor microRNA‐155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma , 2004, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[17]  Jianren Gu,et al.  The minimum LOH region defined on chromosome 17p13.3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma with gene content analysis. , 2003, Cancer letters.

[18]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA-cancer connection: the beginning of a new tale. , 2006, Cancer research.

[19]  Tushar Patel,et al.  Involvement of human micro-RNA in growth and response to chemotherapy in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. , 2006, Gastroenterology.

[20]  V. Ambros.  MicroRNA Pathways in Flies and Worms Growth, Death, Fat, Stress, and Timing , 2003, Cell.

[21]  P. Nowell,et al.  Transcriptional activation of an unrearranged and untranslocated c-myc oncogene by translocation of a C lambda locus in Burkitt. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  C. Croce,et al.  A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  C. Croce,et al.  miRNAs, Cancer, and Stem Cell Division , 2005, Cell.

[25]  K. Kosik,et al.  MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. , 2005, Cancer research.

[26]  Hiroyuki Tagawa,et al.  Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. , 2004, Cancer research.

[27]  Brian S. Roberts,et al.  The colorectal microRNAome. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  N Asou,et al.  Insertion of microRNA-125b-1, a human homologue of lin-4, into a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus in a patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia , 2005, Leukemia.

[29]  J. Minna,et al.  Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. , 1998, Science.

[30]  P. Nowell,et al.  Molecular analysis of a t(7;14)(g35;g32) chromosome translocation in a T cell leukemia of a patient with ataxia telangiectasia , 1988, Cell.

[31]  J. Bishop.  Molecular themes in oncogenesis , 1991, Cell.

[32]  D. Neuberg,et al.  Familial cancer associated with a polymorphism in ARLTS1. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[33]  F. Slack,et al.  RAS Is Regulated by the let-7 MicroRNA Family , 2005, Cell.

[34]  M. Czech.  MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  N. Chiorazzi,et al.  mechanisms of disease Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia , 2010 .

[36]  Ryan T. Phan,et al.  The BCL6 proto-oncogene suppresses p53 expression in germinal-centre B cells , 2004, Nature.

[37]  S. Lowe,et al.  A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene , 2005, Nature.

[38]  T. Rabbitts,et al.  Chromosomal translocation master genes, mouse models and experimental therapeutics , 2001, Oncogene.

[39]  Tara L. Naylor,et al.  microRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  P. Nowell,et al.  Activation of MYC in a masked t(8;17) translocation results in an aggressive B-cell leukemia. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  T. Kipps,et al.  Preferential linkage of bcl-2 to immunoglobulin light chain gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[42]  Y. Yatabe,et al.  A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. , 2005, Cancer research.

[43]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  Slowing Down the Ras Lane: miRNAs as Tumor Suppressors? , 2005, Science's STKE.

[44]  F. Slack,et al.  Oncomirs — microRNAs with a role in cancer , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[45]  Tak W. Mak,et al.  Beyond PTEN mutations: the PI3K pathway as an integrator of multiple inputs during tumorigenesis , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[46]  J. Mendell,et al.  MicroRNAs in cell proliferation, cell death, and tumorigenesis , 2006, British Journal of Cancer.

[47]  C. Croce,et al.  Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  C. Croce,et al.  miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  B. Cullen,et al.  A Novel Assay for Viral MicroRNA Function Identifies a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism That Affects Drosha Processing , 2006, Journal of Virology.

[50]  Genes, chromosomes & cancer , 1995 .

[51]  H. Horvitz,et al.  MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers , 2005, Nature.

[52]  B. Harfe,et al.  MicroRNAs in vertebrate development. , 2005, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[53]  Stijn van Dongen,et al.  miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature , 2005, Nucleic Acids Res..

[54]  J. Rowley.  A New Consistent Chromosomal Abnormality in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia identified by Quinacrine Fluorescence and Giemsa Staining , 1973, Nature.

[55]  C. Croce,et al.  The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[56]  F. Slack,et al.  MicroRNAs as a potential magic bullet in cancer. , 2006, Future oncology.

[57]  W. Tam,et al.  miR‐155/BIC as an oncogenic microRNA , 2006, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[58]  Peter A. Jones,et al.  Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. , 2006, Cancer cell.

[59]  A. Tanigami,et al.  Three New Regions on Chromosome 17p13.3 Distal to p53 with Possible Tumor Suppressor Gene Involvement in Lung Cancer , 2000, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[60]  Carlos Caldas,et al.  Sizing up miRNAs as cancer genes , 2005, Nature Medicine.

[61]  H. Frierson,et al.  Loss of heterozygosity at 13q14 and 13q21 in high grade, high stage prostate cancer , 2001, The Prostate.

[62]  J. Minna,et al.  Tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p involved in the pathogenesis of lung and other cancers , 2002, Oncogene.

[63]  C. Croce,et al.  Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[64]  T. Glover,et al.  Common fragile sites , 2003, Cytogenetic and Genome Research.

[65]  Sven Diederichs,et al.  Sequence variations of microRNAs in human cancer: alterations in predicted secondary structure do not affect processing. , 2006, Cancer research.

[66]  C. Croce,et al.  Genomics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia microRNAs as new players with clinical significance. , 2006, Seminars in oncology.

[67]  Kathryn A. O’Donnell,et al.  c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression , 2005, Nature.

[68]  G. Maira,et al.  Extensive modulation of a set of microRNAs in primary glioblastoma. , 2005, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[69]  Y. Yatabe,et al.  Reduced Expression of the let-7 MicroRNAs in Human Lung Cancers in Association with Shortened Postoperative Survival , 2004, Cancer Research.

[70]  R. Richards.  Fragile and unstable chromosomes in cancer: causes and consequences. , 2001, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[71]  A Benner,et al.  Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[72]  L. D. Barnes,et al.  The role of the FHIT/FRA3B locus in cancer. , 1998, Annual review of genetics.

[73]  G. Calin,et al.  Refinement of the LOH region 1 at 11q23.1 deleted in human breast carcinomas and sublocalization of 11 expressed sequence tags within the refined region , 1999, Oncogene.

[74]  A. Sánchez-Aguilera,et al.  Cell cycle deregulation in B-cell lymphomas. , 2003, Blood.

[75]  D. Bartel,et al.  MicroRNAs Modulate Hematopoietic Lineage Differentiation , 2004, Science.

[76]  Eugene Berezikov,et al.  Camels and zebrafish, viruses and cancer: a microRNA update. , 2005, Human molecular genetics.

[77]  C. Croce,et al.  Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[78]  Y. Tsujimoto,et al.  Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. , 1985, Science.

[79]  Muller Fabbri,et al.  MicroRNAs and leukemias: how strong is the connection? , 2006, Leukemia research.

[80]  D. Bartel.  MicroRNAs Genomics, Biogenesis, Mechanism, and Function , 2004, Cell.

[81]  Michael T. McManus,et al.  MicroRNAs and cancer. , 2003, Seminars in cancer biology.