Psychopharmacology of child and adolescent major depression: present status and future directions.

ABSTRACT Current concerns about antidepressant efficacy in children and adolescents are reminiscent of the history of adult studies. Such awareness should temper these concerns, especially in view of the enormous progress in the last two decades of studies of adult depression. A number of methodologie, nosologie, developmental, and validity considerations may have hampered the child and adolescent studies to date; thus, with more careful consideration of past problem areas, future studies may yield more promising results. The next generation of treatment research in child and adolescent depression may require innovative, multisite, longitudinal treatment designs which allow the simultaneous possibility for the continuing clarification and validation of depressive syndromes and treatment-responsive subgroups.

[1]  M Campbell,et al.  Psychopharmacology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Review of the Past Five Years , 1995 .

[2]  P. Lavori,et al.  The impact of parental affective disorder on depression in offspring: a longitudinal follow-up in a nonreferred sample. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[3]  G. Klerman,et al.  Interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescent depression: description of modification and preliminary application. , 1991 .

[4]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. , 1990, Archives of general psychiatry.

[5]  C. Hammen,et al.  Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. , 1990, Archives of general psychiatry.

[6]  P. Lewinsohn,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents* , 1990 .

[7]  R. Neimeyer,et al.  Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[8]  A. Pickles,et al.  Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. , 1990, Archives of general psychiatry.

[9]  N. Ryan,et al.  MAOIs in adolescent major depression unresponsive to tricyclic antidepressants. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[10]  P. Wickramaratne,et al.  Early-onset major depression in parents and their children. , 1988, Journal of affective disorders.

[11]  A. Rush,et al.  Adaptations of cognitive therapy for depressed adolescents. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[12]  N. Ryan,et al.  Lithium antidepressant augmentation in TCA-refractory depression in adolescents. , 1988, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[13]  A. Angold.  Childhood and Adolescent Depression , 1988, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[14]  K. Merikangas,et al.  Children of depressed parents. Increased psychopathology and early onset of major depression. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[15]  T. Cooper,et al.  Imipramine in adolescent major depression: plasma level and clinical response , 1986, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[16]  J. Kocsis,et al.  Imipramine and Amitriptyline Plasma Concentrations and Clinical Response in Major Depression , 1986, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[17]  J. Ferrer,et al.  Ontogeny of dopamine, serotonin and spirodecanone receptors in rat forebrain--an autoradiographic study. , 1985, Brain research.

[18]  M. Davies,et al.  Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal major depressive disorders. I. Interpersonal relationships during the depressive episode. , 1985, Archives of general psychiatry.

[19]  M. Davies,et al.  Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal major depressive disorders. II. Interpersonal relationships after sustained recovery from affective episode. , 1985, Archives of general psychiatry.

[20]  R. Dealy,et al.  The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. , 1985, The American journal of psychiatry.

[21]  D. Klein,et al.  Phenelzine versus imipramine in atypical depression: a preliminary report , 1985 .

[22]  M. Kovács,et al.  Developmental stage and the expression of depressive disorders in children: An empirical analysis , 1984 .

[23]  J. Rabkin,et al.  Identification of true drug response to antidepressants. Use of pattern analysis. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[24]  M. Kovács,et al.  Depressive disorders in childhood. II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[25]  W. Shekim,et al.  Amitriptyline in children with major depressive disorder: a double-blind crossover pilot study. , 1984, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[26]  M. Kovács,et al.  Depressive disorders in childhood. I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[27]  S. Preskorn,et al.  Depression in children: relationship between plasma imipramine levels and response. , 1982, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[28]  P S Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. , 1982, Brain research.

[29]  T. Petti,et al.  Imipramine treatment of depressed children: a double-blind pilot study. , 1982, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[30]  G. Simpson,et al.  Relationship between plasma antidepressant levels and clinical outcome for inpatients receiving imipramine. , 1982, The American journal of psychiatry.

[31]  R. Feiguine,et al.  Clinical effects of amitriptyline in adolescent depression. A pilot study. , 1981, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[32]  F. Quitkin,et al.  Imipramine response in deluded depressive patients. , 1978, The American journal of psychiatry.

[33]  J. Fleiss,et al.  Clinical implications of imipramine plasma levels for depressive illness. , 1977, Archives of general psychiatry.

[34]  R E Kendell,et al.  The Classification of Depressions: A Review of Contemporary Confusion , 1976, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[35]  A. Raskin.  AGE‐SEX DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS , 1974, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[36]  A. Beck,et al.  The efficacy of antidepressant drugs. A review of research (1958-1972). , 1974, Archives of general psychiatry.

[37]  S. Guze,et al.  Unipolar and Bipolar Primary Affective Disorder , 1971, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[38]  A. R. Lucas,et al.  AMITRIPTYLINE IN CHILDHOOD DEPRESSIONS. , 1965, Diseases of the nervous system.

[39]  G. Fried.  The Loss Complex: A Contribution to the Etiology of Depression , 1960 .

[40]  M. Strober,et al.  The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[41]  C. Conners.  Methodology of antidepressant drug trials for treating depression in adolescents. , 1992, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[42]  M. Strober.  The Pharmacotherapy of Depressive Illness in Adolescence: III. Diagnostic and Conceptual Issues in Studies of Tricyclic Antidepressants. , 1992, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[43]  M. Strober,et al.  The pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescence: I. An open label trial of imipramine. , 1990, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[44]  D J Kupfer,et al.  Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. , 1990, Archives of general psychiatry.

[45]  R. Weller,et al.  Biology of Depression in Children and Adolescents , 1990 .

[46]  T. Cooper,et al.  Double-blind placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in depressed adolescents using a "fixed plasma level" design. , 1990, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[47]  M. Rutter.  Commentary : some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children , 1990 .

[48]  N. Ryan.  Pharmacotherapy of adolescent major depression: beyond TCAs. , 1990, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[49]  T. Cooper,et al.  Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in depressed children using a "fixed plasma level" design. , 1989, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[50]  R. Goetz,et al.  Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorders. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[51]  A. Nordberg.  The Aging of Cholinergic Synapses: Ontogenesis of Cholinergic Receptors , 1986 .

[52]  F. Reimherr,et al.  Characteristics of responders to fluoxetine. , 1984, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[53]  R. Stiller,et al.  Plasma levels of imipramine (IMI) and desmethylimipramine (DMI) and clinical response in prepubertal major depressive disorder: a preliminary report. , 1979, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.

[54]  E. Penick,et al.  Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: diagnosis and treatment. Preliminary report. , 1973, The Journal of pediatrics.

[55]  S. Guze,et al.  Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. , 1970, The American journal of psychiatry.

[56]  H. E. Rie.  Depression in childhood. A survey of some pertinent contributions. , 1966, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry.