Low‐cost monitoring of snow height and thermal properties with inexpensive temperature sensors

Small, self‐recording temperature sensors were installed at several heights along a metal rod at five locations in a case study catchment. For each sensor, the presence or absence of snow cover was determined on the basis of its insulating effect and the resulting reduction of the diurnal temperature oscillations. Sensor coverage was then converted into a time series of snow height for each location. Additionally, cold content was calculated. Snow height and cold content provide valuable information for spring flood prediction.

[1]  Shoichiro Fukusako,et al.  Thermophysical properties of ice, snow, and sea ice , 1990 .

[2]  Ross Ihaka,et al.  Gentleman R: R: A language for data analysis and graphics , 1996 .

[3]  M. König,et al.  The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow , 1997, Journal of Glaciology.

[4]  Temperature measurements and heat transfer in near-surface snow at the South Pole , 1997 .

[5]  Glen E. Liston,et al.  Interrelationships among Snow Distribution, Snowmelt, and Snow Cover Depletion: Implications for Atmospheric, Hydrologic, and Ecologic Modeling , 1999 .

[6]  Günter Blöschl,et al.  Scaling issues in snow hydrology , 1999 .

[7]  R. Ferguson,et al.  Snowmelt runoff models , 1999 .

[8]  D. Perovich,et al.  Thermal conductivity and heat transfer through the snow on the ice of the Beaufort Sea , 2002 .

[9]  N. Xu A Survey of Sensor Network Applications , 2002 .

[10]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[11]  Regine Hock,et al.  Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas , 2003 .

[12]  Leonidas J. Guibas,et al.  Information Processing in Sensor Networks , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[13]  Sjur Kolberg,et al.  Updating of snow depletion curve with remote sensing data , 2003 .

[14]  B. Alvera,et al.  Evaluation of spatial variability in snow water equivalent for a high mountain catchment , 2004 .

[15]  John W. Pomeroy,et al.  Implications of spatial distributions of snow mass and melt rate for snow-cover depletion: theoretical considerations , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[16]  Sergey A. Sokratov,et al.  Tomography of temperature gradient metamorphism of snow and associated changes in heat conductivity , 2004 .

[17]  R. Essery,et al.  Implications of spatial distributions of snow mass and melt rate for snow-cover depletion: observations in a subarctic mountain catchment , 2004, Annals of Glaciology.

[18]  D. Lettenmaier,et al.  Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model , 2006 .

[19]  Kirk Martinez,et al.  Environmental Sensor Networks: A revolution in the earth system science? , 2006 .

[20]  A. Lundberg,et al.  Snow density variations: consequences for ground‐penetrating radar , 2006 .

[21]  M. Clark,et al.  Snow Data Assimilation via an Ensemble Kalman Filter , 2006 .

[22]  G. McCabe,et al.  Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models , 2006 .

[23]  Younes Alila,et al.  The influence of forest and topography on snow accumulation and melt at the watershed-scale , 2007 .

[24]  Ashutosh Kumar Singh,et al.  Dependence of thermal conductivity of snow on microstructure , 2008 .

[25]  Jessica D. Lundquist,et al.  Using inexpensive temperature sensors to monitor the duration and heterogeneity of snow‐covered areas , 2008 .

[26]  François Ingelrest,et al.  The hitchhiker's guide to successful wireless sensor network deployments , 2008, SenSys '08.

[27]  Steven A. Margulis,et al.  A Bayesian approach to snow water equivalent reconstruction , 2008 .

[28]  New Density-based Thermal Conductivity Equation for Snow , 2009 .

[29]  T. Jonas,et al.  Estimating the snow water equivalent from snow depth measurements in the Swiss Alps , 2009 .

[30]  Jan Magnusson,et al.  Snow accumulation distribution inferred from time‐lapse photography and simple modelling , 2010 .