Engineering Design: Representation and Reasoning

Building upon the foundation provided in the first edition, Engineering Design: A Synthesis of Views, this second edition includes many contributions and new ways of thinking that have emerged about engineering design research, education, and practice over the last 15 years. It should be of particular benefitto currentresearchers in the areaand,inparticular,tothosejustbeginningtheirjourney of understanding and/or contributing to the field of engineering design. The emphasis in this second edition recognizes amore holistic and integrated view of design as creative, as rigorous, as analytical, and as a problemsolving and decision-based process where representation and reasoning are key to harnessing our understanding and the ability of machines (computers) to ease the complexity of design thinking and process. The authors have left the text of the first edition intact,

[1]  Simon Szykman,et al.  A functional basis for engineering design: Reconciling and evolving previous efforts , 2002 .

[2]  Michael J. Pratt,et al.  Solid Modeling and the Interface Between Design and Manufacture , 1984, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[3]  Simon Szykman,et al.  Enhancing Virtual Product Representations for Advanced Design Repository Systems , 2005, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng..

[4]  Gerhard Schmitt ARCHPLAN: An Architectural Planning Front End to Engineering Design Expert Systems , 1988 .

[5]  Yan Jin,et al.  An Agent-Based Decision Network for Concurrent Engineering Design , 2001, Concurr. Eng. Res. Appl..

[6]  Steven J. Fenves,et al.  A knowledge-based standards processor for structural component design , 1987, Engineering with Computers.

[7]  Amaresh Chakrabarti,et al.  Special Issue: Engineering applications of representations of function, Part 1 , 2005, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[8]  B. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Function in Device Representation , 2000, Engineering with Computers.

[9]  Jesse C. Jones,et al.  The Engineering Design Process , 1993 .

[10]  Melanie Mitchell,et al.  An introduction to genetic algorithms , 1996 .

[11]  Allen Newell,et al.  GPS, a program that simulates human thought , 1995 .

[12]  David C. Brown,et al.  Failure handling in a design expert system , 1985 .

[13]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  EXPERT SYSTEMS: New approaches to computer-aided engineering , 1985, Engineering with Computers.

[14]  Iris D. Tommelein,et al.  A knowledge-level analysis of several design tools , 1991 .

[15]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  Problem-Solving Methods: Understanding, Description, Development, and Reuse , 2000 .

[16]  H. P Nii,et al.  Blackboard Systems , 1986 .

[17]  Raymond E. Levitt,et al.  Toward the integration of knowledge for engineering modeling and computation , 2005, Engineering with Computers.

[18]  John S. Gero,et al.  To sketch or not to sketch? That is the question , 2006 .

[19]  John Robert Dixon Design Engineering: Inventiveness, Analysis, and Decision Making , 1966 .

[20]  Barry G. Silverman,et al.  Survey of expert critiquing systems: practical and theoretical frontiers , 1992, CACM.

[21]  Leo Joskowicz,et al.  Automated Model Selection Using Context-Dependent Behaviors , 1992, AAAI.

[22]  Panos Y. Papalambros,et al.  Principles of Optimal Design: Author Index , 2000 .

[23]  Alan H. Bond,et al.  Distributed Artificial Intelligence , 1988 .

[24]  Yun Peng,et al.  Agent communication languages: the current landscape , 1999, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[25]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[26]  John R. Dixon,et al.  A review of research in mechanical engineering design. Part II: Representations, analysis, and design for the life cycle , 1989 .

[27]  Ann Heylighen,et al.  Studying the Unthinkable Designer: Designing in the Absence of Sight , 2010, DCC.

[28]  Allen Newell,et al.  The Knowledge Level , 1989, Artif. Intell..

[29]  David C. Brown Functional, Behavioral and Structural Features , 2003 .

[30]  Mark Klein,et al.  Supporting conflict resolution in cooperative design systems , 1991, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[31]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Knowledge Acquisition from Multiple Experts , 1984, AI Mag..

[32]  Tim Smithers,et al.  Towards a Knowledge Level Theory of Design Process , 1998, AID.

[33]  John R. Dixon,et al.  Guiding conceptual design through behavioral reasoning , 1994 .

[34]  James A. Hendler,et al.  AI Planning: Systems and Techniques , 1990, AI Mag..

[35]  Eugene Charniak,et al.  Bayesian Networks without Tears , 1991, AI Mag..

[36]  Paolo Traverso,et al.  Automated planning - theory and practice , 2004 .

[37]  Andrés Gómez de Silva Garza,et al.  Case-Based Reasoning in Design , 1995, IEEE Expert.

[38]  Hector J. Levesque,et al.  Knowledge Representation and Reasoning , 2004 .

[39]  Douglass J. Wilde,et al.  Globally optimal design , 1978 .

[40]  Neil J. Hurley,et al.  AI-DEQSOL. A knowledge-based environment for numerical simulation of engineering problems described by partial differential equations , 1992, Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf..

[41]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Principles of mathematical modeling , 1980 .

[42]  L.J. Leifer,et al.  Engineering design thinking, teaching, and learning , 2005, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[43]  Allen Newell,et al.  Human Problem Solving. , 1973 .

[44]  C. D. Mote,et al.  Optimization methods for engineering design , 1971 .

[45]  M HakimM,et al.  Issues in modelling and processing design standards , 1992 .

[46]  Michael D. Rychener Expert Systems for Engineering Design , 1988 .

[47]  Jonathan Cagan,et al.  Engineering shape grammars: where we have been and where we are going , 2001 .

[48]  John P. McDermott,et al.  VT: An Expert Elevator Designer That Uses Knowledge-Based Backtracking , 1988, AI Mag..

[49]  Thomas A. Salomone,et al.  What every engineer should know about concurrent engineering , 1995 .

[50]  Alice M. Agogino,et al.  Innovative design of mechanical structures from first principles , 1987, Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf..

[51]  Raymond E. Levitt Knowledge-based systems in engineering , 1991 .

[52]  Michael Joseph French,et al.  Conceptual Design for Engineers , 1985 .

[53]  Prasad Bokil,et al.  Reaching Out in the Mind's Space , 2008 .

[54]  Elaine Kant,et al.  Understanding and Automating Algorithm Design , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[55]  George E. Forsythe,et al.  Computer science and mathematics , 1970, SGCS.

[56]  Tony C. Woo,et al.  Interfacing Solid Modeling to CAD and CAM: Data Structures and Algorithms for Decomposing a Solid , 1984, Computer.

[57]  David G. Ullman,et al.  The Mechanical Design Process , 1992 .

[58]  Miguel A. Aguirre Constraints and Design , 2013 .

[59]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Analysis and modeling in mechanics: An informal view , 1983 .

[60]  Willemien Visser,et al.  The role of gesture in designing , 2011, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[61]  Amaresh Chakrabarti,et al.  Biologically inspired design , 2010, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[62]  Stefano Borgo,et al.  A formal ontological perspective on the behaviors and functions of technical artifacts , 2008, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[63]  M. Jakiela,et al.  Continuum structural topology design with genetic algorithms , 2000 .

[64]  Lee W. Jones,et al.  Invention and creativity in automated design by means of genetic programming , 2004, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[65]  John K. Gershenson,et al.  Product modularity: measures and design methods , 2004 .

[66]  Kenneth N. Brown Grammatical Design , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[67]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  AM, an artificial intelligence approach to discovery in mathematics as heuristic search , 1976 .

[68]  Barry O'Sullivan,et al.  Reasoning about conditional constraint specification problems and feature models , 2011, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[69]  Tetsuo Tomiyama,et al.  A review of function modeling: Approaches and applications , 2008, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[70]  Gregory S. Hornby,et al.  Computer Creativity in the Automatic Design of Robots , 2003, Leonardo.

[71]  James H. Garrett,et al.  Knowledge‐Based Standard‐Independent Member Design , 1989 .

[72]  Willemien Visser,et al.  The Cognitive Artifacts of Designing , 2006 .

[73]  John S. Gero,et al.  An ontological account of donald schön's reflection in designing , 2008 .

[74]  Charles M. Eastman,et al.  Exchange Model and Exchange Object Concepts for Implementation of National BIM Standards , 2010, J. Comput. Civ. Eng..

[75]  Morris Asimow,et al.  Introduction to design , 1962 .

[76]  D G Bobrow,et al.  Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence Programming , 1986, Science.

[77]  Nigel Cross,et al.  Analysing design activity , 1996 .

[78]  Michael G. Dyer,et al.  EDISON: An engineering design invention system operating naively , 1986, Artif. Intell. Eng..

[79]  Mark Stefik,et al.  Introduction to knowledge systems , 1995 .

[80]  David C. Brown,et al.  Generating Design Decomposition Knowledge for Parametric Design Problems , 1994 .

[81]  Mark Richard Henderson EXTRACTION OF FEATURE INFORMATION FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAD DATA , 1984 .

[82]  William J. Clancey,et al.  Heuristic Classification , 1986, Artif. Intell..

[83]  Howard Raiffa,et al.  Games And Decisions , 1958 .

[84]  John R. Dixon,et al.  A review of research in mechanical engineering design. Part I: Descriptive, prescriptive, and computer-based models of design processes , 1989 .

[85]  R. Levitt,et al.  Organization and Control of Engineering Design Firms , 1979 .

[86]  L. B. Archer,et al.  Systematic method for designers , 1963 .

[87]  Steven J. Fenves,et al.  Knowledge-based analysis of structural systems , 1987 .

[88]  Charles M. Eastman,et al.  BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors , 2008 .

[89]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Representation and Problem-Solving: The Foundations of Engineering Design , 1992 .

[90]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Design Engineering Education , 2007 .

[91]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Representation of Strategic Choices in Structural Modeling , 1989 .

[92]  Anders Haug,et al.  The illusion of tacit knowledge as the great problem in the development of product configurators , 2010, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[93]  David C. Brown,et al.  Defining configuring , 1998, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[94]  Markus Stumptner,et al.  Special Issue: Configuration , 2011, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[95]  Matthew I. Campbell,et al.  Automating the conceptual design process: “From black box to component selection” , 2010, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[96]  B. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Design Problem Solving: A Task Analysis , 1990, AI Mag..

[97]  S. Hayakawa Language in Thought and Action , 1949 .

[98]  James H. Garrett,et al.  Representing and reasoning with design intent , 1991 .

[99]  Susan E. Lander,et al.  Issues in Multiagent Design Systems , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[100]  John P. McDermott,et al.  R1: A Rule-Based Configurer of Computer Systems , 1982, Artif. Intell..

[101]  C. L. Dym,et al.  A knowledge-based system for automated architectural code checking , 1988 .

[102]  Terry Winograd,et al.  Understanding computers and cognition , 1986 .

[103]  John S. Gero,et al.  Knowledge-Based Design Systems , 1989 .

[104]  Steven J. Fenves,et al.  Expressing standards for computer-aided building design , 1983 .

[105]  Timothy W. Simpson,et al.  Product platform design and customization: Status and promise , 2004, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[106]  H. Craig Howard,et al.  KADBASE: interfacing expert systems with databases , 1989, IEEE Expert.

[107]  M. Boden WHAT IS CREATIVITY , 2005 .

[108]  Peter Jackson,et al.  Introduction to expert systems , 1986 .

[109]  Barr and Feigenbaum Edward A. Avron,et al.  The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence , 1981 .

[110]  William P. Birmingham,et al.  Design pedagogy: Representations and processes , 2010, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[111]  Tomás Lozano-Pérez,et al.  A Geometric Modeling System for Automated Mechanical Assembly , 1980, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[112]  Kristin L. Wood,et al.  MODELING IMPRECISION AND UNCERTAINTY IN PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING DESIGN , 1990 .

[113]  John S. Gero,et al.  Shape Emergence by Symbolic Reasoning , 1994 .

[114]  Tamotsu Murakami Retrieval using configuration spaces , 2002 .

[115]  Garret N. Vanderplaats,et al.  Numerical optimization techniques for engineering design , 1999 .

[116]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  Development of an expert system shell for engineering design , 1986 .

[117]  Christopher Alexander Notes on the Synthesis of Form , 1964 .

[118]  Kristian J. Hammond,et al.  Case-Based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task , 1989 .

[119]  Lawrence Birnbaum,et al.  The organization of expert systems: A prescriptive tutorial , 1982 .

[120]  John S. Gero,et al.  An ontology of situated design teams , 2007, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[121]  Douglas B. Lenat,et al.  On the thresholds of knowledge , 1987, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Industrial Applications.

[122]  G. Stevens The Reasoning Architect: Mathematics and Science in Design , 1990 .

[123]  Thomas G. Dietterich,et al.  A model of the mechanical design process based on empirical data , 1988, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[124]  Ram D. Sriram,et al.  Design Repositories: Engineering Design's New Knowledge Base , 2000, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[125]  Steven J. Fenves,et al.  Modeling of standards :: technical aids for their formulation, expression, and use , 1980 .

[126]  David C. Brown,et al.  An Approach to Expert Systems for Mechanical Design. , 1983 .

[127]  Luc Steels,et al.  Components of Expertise , 1990, AI Mag..

[128]  R. Schofield,et al.  The Four Books of Architecture , 2013 .

[129]  Steven J. Fenves,et al.  Integrated software environment for building design and construction , 1990, Comput. Aided Des..

[130]  John R. Dixon,et al.  Artificial Intelligence and Geometric Reasoning in Manufacturing Technology , 1986 .

[131]  Michael A. Rosenman,et al.  Design Codes as Expert Systems , 1985 .

[132]  D. Schoen,et al.  The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action , 1985 .

[133]  B. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Generic Tasks in Knowledge-Based Reasoning: High-Level Building Blocks for Expert System Design , 1986, IEEE Expert.

[134]  Tetsuo Tomiyama,et al.  Functional Reasoning in Design , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[135]  Kristian Go Suzuki and Westerberg Arthur W. Lien The Role of Expert Systems Technology In Design , 1986 .

[136]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  Expert Systems in Civil Engineering , 1986 .

[137]  Asunción Gómez-Pérez,et al.  Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, e-Commerce and the Semantic Web , 2004, Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing.

[138]  David C. Brown,et al.  Dimensions of machine learning in design , 1998, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[139]  Henry Petroski,et al.  To Engineer is Human , 1985 .

[140]  Mark Henderson,et al.  Computer recognition and extraction of form features: A CAD/CAM link , 1984 .

[141]  D. Schoen The Reflective Practitioner , 1983 .

[142]  Noah Webster,et al.  Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary , 2012 .

[143]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  PRIDE: An Expert System for the Design of Paper Handling Systems , 1986, Computer.

[144]  H. Dreyfus Mind Over Machine , 1986 .

[145]  Kristin L. Wood,et al.  Formal Engineering Design Synthesis: Function-Based Synthesis Methods in Engineering Design , 2001 .

[146]  A. H. Bond,et al.  A formal approach for product model information , 1991 .

[147]  John P. McDermott,et al.  R1: The Formative Years , 1981, AI Mag..

[148]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words , 1987 .

[149]  Noah Webster,et al.  Webster's new collegiate dictionary , 1936 .

[150]  Erik K. Antonsson,et al.  Trade-off strategies in engineering design , 1991 .

[151]  Levent Burak Kara,et al.  From engineering diagrams to engineering models: Visual recognition and applications , 2011, Comput. Aided Des..

[152]  Kristin L. Wood,et al.  Computations with Imprecise Parameters in Engineering Design: Background and Theory , 1989 .

[153]  R. E. Korf,et al.  Search: A survey of recent results , 1988 .

[154]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Learning Engineering: Design, Languages, and Experiences * , 1999 .

[155]  Robert S. Engelmore,et al.  SACON: A Knowledge-Based Consultant for Structural Analysis , 1979, IJCAI.

[156]  Ashok K. Goel Design, Analogy, and Creativity , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[157]  Gary Greenfield,et al.  On the Origins of the Term "Computational Aesthetics" , 2005, CAe.

[158]  Paul J. Feltovich,et al.  Expertise in context: human and machine , 1997 .

[159]  Pearl Pu,et al.  Introduction: Issues in case-based design systems , 1993, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[160]  Edmund H. Durfee,et al.  Trends in Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving , 1989, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng..

[161]  William P. Birmingham,et al.  Automating the design of computer systems - the MICON project , 1992 .

[162]  Jonathan Cagan,et al.  A-Design: An Agent-Based Approach to Conceptual Design in a Dynamic Environment , 1999 .

[163]  David Craig,et al.  The importance of drawing in the mechanical design process , 1990, Comput. Graph..

[164]  Virginia E. Barker,et al.  Expert systems for configuration at Digital: XCON and beyond , 1989, Commun. ACM.

[165]  Michael French Form, structure and mechanism , 1992 .

[166]  Duvvuru Sriram,et al.  Artificial intelligence in engineering design (Volume I): design representation and models of routine design , 1992 .

[167]  Clive L. Dym Issues in the design and implementation of expert systems , 1987, Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf..

[168]  Nigel Cross,et al.  Design cognition: results from protocol and other empirical studies of design activity , 2016 .

[169]  Daniel G. Bobrow,et al.  Expert systems: perils and promise , 1986, CACM.

[170]  Raymond McCall,et al.  Rationale-Based Software Engineering , 2008 .

[171]  Todd R. Johnson,et al.  Generic tasks and task structures: history, critique and new directions , 1993 .

[172]  Weiming Shen,et al.  Multi-Agent Systems for Concurrent Intelligent Design and Manufacturing , 2000 .

[173]  David S. Touretzky,et al.  The Mathematics of Inheritance Systems , 1984 .

[174]  Yeonjoo Oh,et al.  Computer-aided Critiquing systems Lessons Learned and New Research Directions , 2008 .

[175]  J. K. Lathrop,et al.  Life safety code handbook , 1988 .

[176]  Bob J. Wielinga,et al.  Configuration-Design Problem Solving , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[177]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Representing Strategic Choices in Structural Modeling , 1991 .

[178]  Ashok K. Goel,et al.  Structure, behavior, and function of complex systems: The structure, behavior, and function modeling language , 2008, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[180]  James D. Thompson Organizations in Action , 1967 .

[181]  Kevin N. Gurney,et al.  An introduction to neural networks , 2018 .

[182]  Kenneth D. Forbus Intelligent Computer-Aided Engineering , 1988, AI Mag..

[183]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data , 1984 .

[184]  Iris D. Tommelein,et al.  An analysis of several configuration design systems , 1993, Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf..

[185]  Alex H. B. Duffy,et al.  The "What" and "How" of Learning in Design , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[186]  John S. Gero,et al.  Modeling Creativity and Knowledge-Based Creative Design , 1993 .

[187]  Renate Fruchter,et al.  Support for design teams , 2007, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[188]  Thomas T. Woodson,et al.  Introduction to engineering design , 1966 .

[189]  David G. Ullman,et al.  A taxonomy for mechanical design , 1992 .

[190]  James H. Garrett,et al.  Object‐Oriented Model of Engineering Design Standards , 1992 .

[191]  John S. Gero,et al.  Design Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design , 1990, AI Mag..

[192]  Allen Newell,et al.  SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[193]  Tomasz Arciszewski,et al.  Evolutionary computation and structural design: A survey of the state-of-the-art , 2005 .

[194]  Richard Marshall,et al.  Collapse of the Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkways , 1983 .

[195]  Jaime G. Carbonell,et al.  Derivational analogy: a theory of reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition , 1993 .

[196]  Larry A. Stauffer An empirical study on the process of mechanical design , 1987 .

[197]  Claudia Eckert,et al.  Engineering change: an overview and perspective on the literature , 2011 .

[198]  Ken M. Wallace,et al.  A Methodology for Creating Ontologies for Engineering Design , 2007, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng..

[199]  Daniel G. Bobrow,et al.  Object-Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations , 1989, AI Mag..

[200]  Weng Tat Chan,et al.  Exploratory design using constraints , 1987, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[201]  Steven M. Smith,et al.  Metrics for measuring ideation effectiveness , 2003 .

[202]  David C. Brown,et al.  Design Simplification by Analogical Reasoning , 2000, Knowledge Intensive CAD.

[203]  Nigel Cross,et al.  Engineering design methods , 1989 .

[204]  Jonathan Cagan,et al.  Computer-Based Design Synthesis Research: An Overview , 2011, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng..

[205]  Jonathan Cagan,et al.  A Framework for Computational Design Synthesis: Model and Applications , 2005, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng..

[206]  G. Stiny Introduction to Shape and Shape Grammars , 1980 .

[207]  Peter Norvig,et al.  Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach , 1995 .

[208]  Diego Calvanese,et al.  The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications , 2003, Description Logic Handbook.

[209]  Jami J. Shah,et al.  Parametric and Feature-Based CAD/CAM: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications , 1995 .

[210]  Alan H. Bond,et al.  Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence , 1988 .

[211]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Sciences of the Artificial , 1970 .

[212]  Chris Hendrickson,et al.  Knowledge-based process planning for construction and manufacturing , 1989 .

[213]  Raymond E. Levitt,et al.  Knowledge-based support for management of concurrent, multidisciplinary design , 1991, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[214]  Mary Lou Maher,et al.  Issues and Applications of Case Based Reasoning to Design , 1997 .

[215]  Ghang Lee,et al.  Usability principles and best practices for the user interface design of complex 3D architectural design and engineering tools , 2010, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[216]  Robert F. Woodbury,et al.  A typology of design space explorers , 2006, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[217]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Principles of Artificial Intelligence , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[218]  Steven J. Fenves Recent developments in the methodology for the formulation and organization of design specifications , 1979 .

[219]  Jasbir S. Arora,et al.  Introduction to Optimum Design , 1988 .

[220]  Sanjay Mittal,et al.  A Knowledge-Based Framework for Design , 1986, AAAI.

[221]  W. Hacker,et al.  Design Problem Solving , 2006 .

[222]  David C. Brown Problem Solving Methods: Past, Present, and Future , 2009, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[223]  Clive L. Dym,et al.  Deep: A knowledge-based (expert) system for electric plat design , 1995 .